Agata Dragan-Górska , Natalia Gorska , Piotr Markuszewski , Zygmunt Klusek
{"title":"风浪对半封闭波罗的海环境噪声和气泡夹带深度的影响","authors":"Agata Dragan-Górska , Natalia Gorska , Piotr Markuszewski , Zygmunt Klusek","doi":"10.1016/j.oceano.2023.12.003","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Semi-enclosed, fetch-limited waters create unique conditions for wind wave development and breaking. Parameters of breaking waves influence bubble entrainment depth and associated noise, which is why they differ in semi-enclosed sea compared to open waters. While the established noise-wind speed relationship holds in oceanic conditions, it differs in land-constrained basins like the Baltic Sea. To explore noise level, bubble entrainment depth and wind speed relationships, we conducted noise and sub-surface bubble measurements, coupled with wind observations, in the selected area of the Baltic Sea during two consecutive summers. A novel method was employed to estimate bubble entrainment depth under conditions of strong backscatter. Model data of wave field parameters were employed to assess their influence on noise level and bubble entrainment depth. Results suggest stronger connections between noise level and wind speed, as well as wave height, compared to wave age and wind sea steepness. The same patterns hold true for the correlation between bubble entrainment depth and both wind speed and wave field parameters. The parameterized noise level-wind speed relationship differs from that obtained for oceanic conditions and also varies across measurement periods. Observed differences were shaped by varying wind-wave conditions, notably differences in wind speed, direction, wave height, and the presence of swell. The noise level-bubble entrainment depth relation is reported for the first time for Baltic Sea conditions. For a thorough analysis of the influence of these factors on noise and bubbles, longer measurements under diverse wind-wave conditions are required to account for site-specific wave field characteristics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54694,"journal":{"name":"Oceanologia","volume":"66 2","pages":"Pages 299-318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0078323423000921/pdfft?md5=a3169e1ff76b8c04a6f1b08a12e96836&pid=1-s2.0-S0078323423000921-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Influence of wind and waves on ambient noise and bubble entrainment depth in the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea\",\"authors\":\"Agata Dragan-Górska , Natalia Gorska , Piotr Markuszewski , Zygmunt Klusek\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.oceano.2023.12.003\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Semi-enclosed, fetch-limited waters create unique conditions for wind wave development and breaking. Parameters of breaking waves influence bubble entrainment depth and associated noise, which is why they differ in semi-enclosed sea compared to open waters. While the established noise-wind speed relationship holds in oceanic conditions, it differs in land-constrained basins like the Baltic Sea. To explore noise level, bubble entrainment depth and wind speed relationships, we conducted noise and sub-surface bubble measurements, coupled with wind observations, in the selected area of the Baltic Sea during two consecutive summers. A novel method was employed to estimate bubble entrainment depth under conditions of strong backscatter. Model data of wave field parameters were employed to assess their influence on noise level and bubble entrainment depth. Results suggest stronger connections between noise level and wind speed, as well as wave height, compared to wave age and wind sea steepness. The same patterns hold true for the correlation between bubble entrainment depth and both wind speed and wave field parameters. The parameterized noise level-wind speed relationship differs from that obtained for oceanic conditions and also varies across measurement periods. Observed differences were shaped by varying wind-wave conditions, notably differences in wind speed, direction, wave height, and the presence of swell. The noise level-bubble entrainment depth relation is reported for the first time for Baltic Sea conditions. For a thorough analysis of the influence of these factors on noise and bubbles, longer measurements under diverse wind-wave conditions are required to account for site-specific wave field characteristics.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":54694,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Oceanologia\",\"volume\":\"66 2\",\"pages\":\"Pages 299-318\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-04-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0078323423000921/pdfft?md5=a3169e1ff76b8c04a6f1b08a12e96836&pid=1-s2.0-S0078323423000921-main.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Oceanologia\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0078323423000921\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"地球科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"OCEANOGRAPHY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Oceanologia","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0078323423000921","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"OCEANOGRAPHY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Influence of wind and waves on ambient noise and bubble entrainment depth in the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea
Semi-enclosed, fetch-limited waters create unique conditions for wind wave development and breaking. Parameters of breaking waves influence bubble entrainment depth and associated noise, which is why they differ in semi-enclosed sea compared to open waters. While the established noise-wind speed relationship holds in oceanic conditions, it differs in land-constrained basins like the Baltic Sea. To explore noise level, bubble entrainment depth and wind speed relationships, we conducted noise and sub-surface bubble measurements, coupled with wind observations, in the selected area of the Baltic Sea during two consecutive summers. A novel method was employed to estimate bubble entrainment depth under conditions of strong backscatter. Model data of wave field parameters were employed to assess their influence on noise level and bubble entrainment depth. Results suggest stronger connections between noise level and wind speed, as well as wave height, compared to wave age and wind sea steepness. The same patterns hold true for the correlation between bubble entrainment depth and both wind speed and wave field parameters. The parameterized noise level-wind speed relationship differs from that obtained for oceanic conditions and also varies across measurement periods. Observed differences were shaped by varying wind-wave conditions, notably differences in wind speed, direction, wave height, and the presence of swell. The noise level-bubble entrainment depth relation is reported for the first time for Baltic Sea conditions. For a thorough analysis of the influence of these factors on noise and bubbles, longer measurements under diverse wind-wave conditions are required to account for site-specific wave field characteristics.
期刊介绍:
Oceanologia is an international journal that publishes results of original research in the field of marine sciences with emphasis on the European seas.