Mutawakil Obeidat, Ahmad Al-Ajlouni, Eman Bani-Khaled, Muheeb Awawdeh, Muna Abu-Dalo
{"title":"综合运用稳定同位素和因子分析,确定约旦安曼-扎尔卡盆地西北部的地下水出处和污染源","authors":"Mutawakil Obeidat, Ahmad Al-Ajlouni, Eman Bani-Khaled, Muheeb Awawdeh, Muna Abu-Dalo","doi":"10.1007/s40333-023-0112-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Globally, groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the most widespread environmental problems, particularly in arid and semiarid areas, which are characterized by low amounts of rainfall and groundwater recharge. The stable isotope composition of groundwater (δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O and δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O) and dissolved nitrate (<span>\\({\\delta ^{15}}{\\rm{N}} - {\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span> and <span>\\({\\delta ^{18}}{\\rm{O}} - {\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span>) and factor analysis (FA) were applied to explore groundwater provenance, pollution, and chemistry evolution in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan. In this study, we collected 23 samples from the Lower Ajloun aquifer in 2021, including 1 sample from a groundwater well and 22 samples from springs. These samples were tested for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, the concentration of major ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, <span>\\({\\rm{HC}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, <span>\\({\\rm{S}}{{\\rm{O}}_4}^{2 - }\\)</span>, and <span>\\({\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span>), and the stable isotope composition of groundwater and dissolved nitrate. The results revealed that groundwater in the study area is mainly Ca–Mg–HCO<sub>3</sub> type and can be classified as fresh water, hard water, and very hard water. The range and average concentration of <span>\\({\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span> were 3.5–230.8 and 50.9 mg/L, respectively. Approximately 33% of the sampling points showed <span>\\({\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span> levels above the maximum allowable concentration of 50.0 mg/L set by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. The values of δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O and δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O showed that groundwater in the study area is part of the current water cycle, originating in the Mediterranean Sea, with significant evaporation, orographic, and amount effects. The values of the stable isotope composition of <span>\\({\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span> corresponded to <span>\\({\\delta ^{15}}{\\rm{N}} - {\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span> and <span>\\({\\delta ^{18}}{\\rm{O}} - {\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\)</span> values produced by the nitrification process of manure or septic waste and soil <span>\\({\\rm{N}}{{\\rm{H}}_4}^ + \\)</span>. The FA performed on the hydrochemical parameters and isotope data resulted in three main factors, with Factor 1, Factor 2, and Factor 3, accounting for 50%, 21%, and 11% of the total variance, respectively. Factor 1 was considered human-induced factor, named “pollution factor”, whereas Factor 2, named “conservative fingerprint factor”, and Factor 3, named “hardness factor”, were considered natural factors. This study will help local researchers manage groundwater sustainably in the study area and other similar arid and semiarid areas in the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":49169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Land","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Integrating stable isotopes and factor analysis to delineate the groundwater provenance and pollution sources in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan\",\"authors\":\"Mutawakil Obeidat, Ahmad Al-Ajlouni, Eman Bani-Khaled, Muheeb Awawdeh, Muna Abu-Dalo\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s40333-023-0112-6\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Globally, groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the most widespread environmental problems, particularly in arid and semiarid areas, which are characterized by low amounts of rainfall and groundwater recharge. The stable isotope composition of groundwater (δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O and δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O) and dissolved nitrate (<span>\\\\({\\\\delta ^{15}}{\\\\rm{N}} - {\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span> and <span>\\\\({\\\\delta ^{18}}{\\\\rm{O}} - {\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span>) and factor analysis (FA) were applied to explore groundwater provenance, pollution, and chemistry evolution in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan. In this study, we collected 23 samples from the Lower Ajloun aquifer in 2021, including 1 sample from a groundwater well and 22 samples from springs. These samples were tested for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, the concentration of major ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, <span>\\\\({\\\\rm{HC}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, <span>\\\\({\\\\rm{S}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_4}^{2 - }\\\\)</span>, and <span>\\\\({\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span>), and the stable isotope composition of groundwater and dissolved nitrate. The results revealed that groundwater in the study area is mainly Ca–Mg–HCO<sub>3</sub> type and can be classified as fresh water, hard water, and very hard water. The range and average concentration of <span>\\\\({\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span> were 3.5–230.8 and 50.9 mg/L, respectively. Approximately 33% of the sampling points showed <span>\\\\({\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span> levels above the maximum allowable concentration of 50.0 mg/L set by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. The values of δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O and δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O showed that groundwater in the study area is part of the current water cycle, originating in the Mediterranean Sea, with significant evaporation, orographic, and amount effects. The values of the stable isotope composition of <span>\\\\({\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span> corresponded to <span>\\\\({\\\\delta ^{15}}{\\\\rm{N}} - {\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span> and <span>\\\\({\\\\delta ^{18}}{\\\\rm{O}} - {\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\\\\)</span> values produced by the nitrification process of manure or septic waste and soil <span>\\\\({\\\\rm{N}}{{\\\\rm{H}}_4}^ + \\\\)</span>. The FA performed on the hydrochemical parameters and isotope data resulted in three main factors, with Factor 1, Factor 2, and Factor 3, accounting for 50%, 21%, and 11% of the total variance, respectively. Factor 1 was considered human-induced factor, named “pollution factor”, whereas Factor 2, named “conservative fingerprint factor”, and Factor 3, named “hardness factor”, were considered natural factors. This study will help local researchers manage groundwater sustainably in the study area and other similar arid and semiarid areas in the world.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":49169,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Arid Land\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-12-29\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Arid Land\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-023-0112-6\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Arid Land","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-023-0112-6","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Integrating stable isotopes and factor analysis to delineate the groundwater provenance and pollution sources in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan
Globally, groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the most widespread environmental problems, particularly in arid and semiarid areas, which are characterized by low amounts of rainfall and groundwater recharge. The stable isotope composition of groundwater (δ2H-H2O and δ18O-H2O) and dissolved nitrate (\({\delta ^{15}}{\rm{N}} - {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\) and \({\delta ^{18}}{\rm{O}} - {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\)) and factor analysis (FA) were applied to explore groundwater provenance, pollution, and chemistry evolution in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan. In this study, we collected 23 samples from the Lower Ajloun aquifer in 2021, including 1 sample from a groundwater well and 22 samples from springs. These samples were tested for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, the concentration of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, \({\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\), Cl−, \({\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_4}^{2 - }\), and \({\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\)), and the stable isotope composition of groundwater and dissolved nitrate. The results revealed that groundwater in the study area is mainly Ca–Mg–HCO3 type and can be classified as fresh water, hard water, and very hard water. The range and average concentration of \({\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\) were 3.5–230.8 and 50.9 mg/L, respectively. Approximately 33% of the sampling points showed \({\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\) levels above the maximum allowable concentration of 50.0 mg/L set by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. The values of δ18O-H2O and δ2H-H2O showed that groundwater in the study area is part of the current water cycle, originating in the Mediterranean Sea, with significant evaporation, orographic, and amount effects. The values of the stable isotope composition of \({\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\) corresponded to \({\delta ^{15}}{\rm{N}} - {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\) and \({\delta ^{18}}{\rm{O}} - {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_{{3^ - }}}\) values produced by the nitrification process of manure or septic waste and soil \({\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_4}^ + \). The FA performed on the hydrochemical parameters and isotope data resulted in three main factors, with Factor 1, Factor 2, and Factor 3, accounting for 50%, 21%, and 11% of the total variance, respectively. Factor 1 was considered human-induced factor, named “pollution factor”, whereas Factor 2, named “conservative fingerprint factor”, and Factor 3, named “hardness factor”, were considered natural factors. This study will help local researchers manage groundwater sustainably in the study area and other similar arid and semiarid areas in the world.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Arid Land is an international peer-reviewed journal co-sponsored by Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press. It aims to meet the needs of researchers, students and practitioners in sustainable development and eco-environmental management, focusing on the arid and semi-arid lands in Central Asia and the world at large.
The Journal covers such topics as the dynamics of natural resources (including water, soil and land, organism and climate), the security and sustainable development of natural resources, and the environment and the ecology in arid and semi-arid lands, especially in Central Asia. Coverage also includes interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, and the relationship between these natural processes and human activities. Also discussed are patterns of geography, ecology and environment; ecological improvement and environmental protection; and regional responses and feedback mechanisms to global change. The Journal of Arid Land also presents reviews, brief communications, trends and book reviews of work on these topics.