Novel Interventional Radiology for the Treatment of Various Lymphatic Leakages: Lymphatic Intervention and Embolization.

Little progress has been made in modern lymphatic medicine since Dr. Kinmonth first described pedal lymphangiography in the 1950s. The clinical need for an effective treatment modality for managing lymphatic leakage greatly increased only after intranodal lymphangiography, which enabled the depiction of the exact location of the leakage. This review introduces five hypotheses that have been proposed while addressing various clinical scenarios involving lymphatic leakage: (1) various embolization techniques can be used to prevent lymphatic leakage; (2) lymph node embolization can treat postoperative pelvic lymphoceles that are refractory to sclerotherapy; (3) the technical success rate of thoracic duct cannulation can be improved by using retrograde thoracic duct access as a bail-out method; (4) non-traumatic chylothorax can be managed by understanding the underlying pathophysiology; and (5) chylous ascites can be managed by understanding the underlying pathophysiology. Five retrospective observational studies, one randomized prospective clinical trial, and two case reports (letters to the editor) were published after the hypotheses were validated. We provide a new systematic approach to lymphatic intervention by describing the process of the current comprehensive research.