重新安置和城市规划发展对特派团人口模式的影响

IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY
Robert Howard Jackson
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引用次数: 0

摘要

西班牙美洲边境传教计划的内容之一,就是按照王室法律规定的城市规划规范,或者换句话说,按照方格网规划建立社区。传教士将成千上万的原住民聚集到传教区,让他们居住在空间紧凑的生活区。邻近居住有助于传播天花等传染性极强的人群疾病,并造成卫生问题。本文探讨了瓜拉尼人和加利福尼亚人被带到传教区居住的土著人的城市规划和住房安排。文章认为,传教士社区的空间组织和住房形式是决定传教士居民人口模式的重要因素。文章分析了部分传教士社区的城市规划历史图,并结合人口普查和洗礼及葬礼登记计算出的生育率和死亡率模式进行了讨论。文章证实了城市规划与人口模式之间关系密切的假设。同时,文章还强调了所介绍的两个案例研究之间的差异。耶稣会士把成千上万的瓜拉尼人带到了完全由他们自己创建的传教士社区中生活,人口密度大促进了传染病的传播。周期性的流行病造成数千人死亡,但人口得以恢复。在加利福尼亚传教区,梅毒等慢性疾病和与生活条件相关的不当卫生条件所导致的寄生虫是造成死亡的主要原因。加利福尼亚传教团的人口没有恢复过来。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Effects of Resettlement and the Development of the Urban Plan on Mission Demographic Patterns
One of the elements of the mission programs on the frontiers of Spanish America was the creation of communities that conformed to norms established for urban planning by royal law, or, in other words, to the grid plan. Missionaries congregated thousands of indigenous peoples on the mission communities, and had them live in spatially compact living areas. Living in proximity to others helped spread highly contagious crowd diseases such as smallpox, and created hygiene problems. This article examines the urban plan and housing arrangements for indigenous peoples brought to live on the missions among the Guaraní and the California. It posits that the spatial organization of the mission communities and forms of housing were important factors in determining demographic patterns among the mission residents. It analyzes historic diagrams of the urban plan of selected mission communities in conjunction with a discussion of fertility and mortality patterns calculated from censuses and registers of baptisms and burials. The article confirms the hypothesis of the strong relationship between the urban plan, and demographic patterns. At the same time, it highlights differences between the two case studies presented. The Jesuits brought thousands of Guaraní to live on the mission communities created from whole cloth, and the large population densities facilitated the spread of contagion. Periodic epidemics killed thousands, but the populations recovered. On the California missions, chronic ailments such as syphilis and parasites from improper sanitation associated with living conditions were the major causes of mortality. The California mission populations did not recover.
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CiteScore
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