Cutting Edge: PDGF-DD Binding to NKp44 Costimulates TLR9 Signaling and Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

Abstract NKp44 is a human receptor originally found on activated NK cells, group 1 and group 3 innate lymphoid cells that binds dimers of platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-DD). NKp44 is also expressed on tissue plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), but NKp44-PDGF-DD interaction on PDCs remains unstudied. Engagement of NKp44 with PDGF-DD in vitro enhanced PDC secretion of IFN-α, TNF, and IL-6 in response to the TLR9 ligand CpG-ODN, but not TLR7/8 ligands. In tissues, PDCs were found in close contact with PDGF-DD–expressing cells in the high endothelial venules and epithelium of tonsils, melanomas, and skin lesions infected with Molluscum contagiosum. Recombinant PDGF-DD enhanced the serum IFN-α response to systemic HSV-1 infection in a humanized mouse model. We conclude that NKp44 integrates with TLR9 signaling to enhance PDC cytokine production. These findings may have bearings for immune responses to TLR9-based adjuvants, therapy for tumors expressing PDGF-DD, and infections with DNA viruses that induce PDGF-DD expression to enhance viral spread.