{"title":"寄生虫操纵还是副作用?过去的弓形虫和包柔氏菌感染对人类性格和认知能力的影响并非以健康受损为中介。","authors":"Jaroslav Flegr, Jana Ullmann, Jan Toman","doi":"10.14411/fp.2023.020","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. and even more the protist Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908, are known to affect the behaviour and mental health of their animal and human hosts. Both pathogens infect a significant fraction of human population, both are neurotropic and survive in the host's body for a long time. While latent infections were thought to be clinically asymptomatic, recent studies suggest otherwise, revealing adverse effects on human health. It was hypothesised that the specific behavioural effects of these pathogens may be side effects of general health impairments in infected individuals. This hypothesis was tested using about one hour-long survey consisting of questionnaires and performance tests on a cohort of 7,762 members of the internet population. Results showed that individuals infected with T. gondii reported worse physical and mental health, and those infected with Borrelia spp. reported worse physical health than uninfected controls. Furthermore, infected and noninfected individuals differed in several personality traits, including conscientiousness, pathogen disgust, injury disgust, Machiavellianism, narcissism, tribalism, anti-authoritarianism, intelligence, reaction time, and precision. While the majority of behavioural effects associated with Borrelia infection were similar to those associated with Toxoplasma infection, some differences were observed, such as performance in the Stroop test. Path analyses and nonparametric partial Kendall correlation tests showed that these effects were not mediated by impaired health in infected individuals, contradicting the side effects hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"70 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Parasitic manipulation or side effects? The effects of past Toxoplasma gondii and Borrelia spp. infections on human personality and cognitive performance are not mediated by impaired health.\",\"authors\":\"Jaroslav Flegr, Jana Ullmann, Jan Toman\",\"doi\":\"10.14411/fp.2023.020\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. and even more the protist Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908, are known to affect the behaviour and mental health of their animal and human hosts. Both pathogens infect a significant fraction of human population, both are neurotropic and survive in the host's body for a long time. While latent infections were thought to be clinically asymptomatic, recent studies suggest otherwise, revealing adverse effects on human health. It was hypothesised that the specific behavioural effects of these pathogens may be side effects of general health impairments in infected individuals. This hypothesis was tested using about one hour-long survey consisting of questionnaires and performance tests on a cohort of 7,762 members of the internet population. Results showed that individuals infected with T. gondii reported worse physical and mental health, and those infected with Borrelia spp. reported worse physical health than uninfected controls. Furthermore, infected and noninfected individuals differed in several personality traits, including conscientiousness, pathogen disgust, injury disgust, Machiavellianism, narcissism, tribalism, anti-authoritarianism, intelligence, reaction time, and precision. While the majority of behavioural effects associated with Borrelia infection were similar to those associated with Toxoplasma infection, some differences were observed, such as performance in the Stroop test. Path analyses and nonparametric partial Kendall correlation tests showed that these effects were not mediated by impaired health in infected individuals, contradicting the side effects hypothesis.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":55154,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Folia Parasitologica\",\"volume\":\"70 \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.5000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-11-28\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Folia Parasitologica\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2023.020\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"PARASITOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Folia Parasitologica","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2023.020","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"PARASITOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
众所周知,细菌 Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. 和原生动物弓形虫 Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908 会影响动物和人类宿主的行为和精神健康。这两种病原体都会感染相当一部分人类,都具有神经毒性,并在宿主体内存活很长时间。虽然潜伏感染被认为在临床上没有症状,但最近的研究表明情况并非如此,它揭示了对人类健康的不利影响。有人假设,这些病原体的特殊行为影响可能是受感染者一般健康损害的副作用。研究人员对 7762 名互联网用户进行了长达一小时的调查,包括问卷调查和表现测试,对这一假设进行了验证。结果显示,与未感染的对照组相比,感染了淋病的人报告的身体和精神健康状况更差,而感染了包柔氏菌的人报告的身体健康状况更差。此外,感染者和未感染者在多个人格特质上存在差异,包括自觉性、病原体厌恶感、伤害厌恶感、马基雅维利主义、自恋、部落主义、反权威主义、智力、反应时间和精确度。虽然与包柔氏菌感染相关的大多数行为影响与弓形虫感染相关的行为影响相似,但也观察到一些差异,如在斯特罗普测试中的表现。路径分析和非参数部分肯德尔相关测试表明,这些影响并不是由感染者的健康受损引起的,这与副作用假说相矛盾。
Parasitic manipulation or side effects? The effects of past Toxoplasma gondii and Borrelia spp. infections on human personality and cognitive performance are not mediated by impaired health.
Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. and even more the protist Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908, are known to affect the behaviour and mental health of their animal and human hosts. Both pathogens infect a significant fraction of human population, both are neurotropic and survive in the host's body for a long time. While latent infections were thought to be clinically asymptomatic, recent studies suggest otherwise, revealing adverse effects on human health. It was hypothesised that the specific behavioural effects of these pathogens may be side effects of general health impairments in infected individuals. This hypothesis was tested using about one hour-long survey consisting of questionnaires and performance tests on a cohort of 7,762 members of the internet population. Results showed that individuals infected with T. gondii reported worse physical and mental health, and those infected with Borrelia spp. reported worse physical health than uninfected controls. Furthermore, infected and noninfected individuals differed in several personality traits, including conscientiousness, pathogen disgust, injury disgust, Machiavellianism, narcissism, tribalism, anti-authoritarianism, intelligence, reaction time, and precision. While the majority of behavioural effects associated with Borrelia infection were similar to those associated with Toxoplasma infection, some differences were observed, such as performance in the Stroop test. Path analyses and nonparametric partial Kendall correlation tests showed that these effects were not mediated by impaired health in infected individuals, contradicting the side effects hypothesis.
期刊介绍:
FOLIA PARASITOLOGICA, issued in online versions, is an international journal that covers the whole field of general, systematic, ecological and experimental parasitology. It publishes original research papers, research notes and review articles. Contributions from all branches of animal parasitology, such as morphology, taxonomy, biology, biochemistry, physiology, immunology, molecular biology and evolution of parasites, and host-parasite relationships, are eligible. Novelty and importance in the international (not local or regional) context are required. New geographical records of parasites, records of new hosts, regional parasite and/or host surveys (if they constitute the principal substance of manuscript), local/regional prevalence surveys of diseases, local/regional studies on epidemiology of well known diseases and of parasite impact on human/animal health, case reports, routine clinical studies and testing of established diagnostic or treatment procedures, will not be considered. One species description will also not be considered unless they include more general information, such as new diagnostic characters, host-parasite associations, phylogenetic implications, etc. Manuscripts found suitable on submission will be reviewed by at least two reviewers.