Management practices of Cereus jamacaru DC in the Caatinga dry forest differentially affect its reproductive phenology, fruit set and nectar availability

The management of plants and landscapes can affect the reproductive cycle of species through changes in morphology, temporal distribution of resources, and productivity, with ecological implications. In this study, we investigated the influence of management practices on the reproductive phenology and nectar availability of Cereus jamacaru DC, a columnar cactus native to Brazil managed by local people in the Caatinga dry forest. Our results reveal that the traditional management practices alter the quantitative and spatiotemporal distribution of resources (flowers, fruits, and nectar) of individuals of C. jamacaru in the studied Caatinga. All populations exhibited annual patterns of flowering and fruiting. However, individuals of the ex situ managed population showed a distinct temporal distribution pattern of flowering, with flower buds and flowers more regularly distributed throughout the reproductive period, compared to individuals of the in situ and unmanaged populations. Management practices differentially affected the production of flower buds, flowers, and fruits with a positive effect on fruit set in the in situ managed population. In addition, individuals of managed populations presented anticipation in the average date of the emission peaks of flower buds and ripe fruits. Individuals from the in situ managed population had available a greater volume of nectar with a higher sugar concentration per flower (twice as high) compared to the ex situ managed population and unmanaged population. The management practices seem to provide advantageous conditions for individuals of C. jamacaru since they allow higher availability of resources (flowers, nectar, and fruits) for a longer period in the Caatinga dry forest. Thus, management practices can prolong the temporal distribution of flowers and fruits, providing more resources for specialized pollinators (Sphingids) and dispersers (birds, reptiles), which are groups vulnerable to anthropic disturbances and climate changes in the Caatinga dry forest. These practices ultimately contribute to the maintenance of key ecological interactions of other species dependent on these vectors, benefiting the whole plant and animal community in the Caatinga dry forest.