基于遗产的城市发展元模型:通过城市文化遗产实现可持续增长》,Matthias Ripp 著。Springer Cham,2022 年。209pp.国际标准书号:9783031082375

Q1 Arts and Humanities
Yonca Erkan
{"title":"基于遗产的城市发展元模型:通过城市文化遗产实现可持续增长》,Matthias Ripp 著。Springer Cham,2022 年。209pp.国际标准书号:9783031082375","authors":"Yonca Erkan","doi":"10.1186/s43238-023-00107-y","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<h3><span>1.1 </span>What is the book about?</h3><p>This article provides a review on the new publication of Matthias Ripp titled Meta-model for Heritage-based Urban Development: Enabling Sustainable Growth through Urban Cultural Heritage released by Springer in 2022. The subtitle is an inspirational, hope-giving, new perspective to heritage studies, if one puts aside the growth-based world economic systems towards development.</p><p>Matthias Ripp is one of the recognised scholars in the field of urban conservation. His publications over the years have contributed greatly to the development of the field. His recent book is one of the few theoretical approaches that enable a complex understanding of the city using a systemic approach, as well as a good demonstration of a methodological study. By using various theories (urban morphology, governance, and metamodeling theory) and the observations and examinations of earlier heritage-based development processes Ripp proposed the use of a Metamodel and overcome the shortages of the individual models. To develop the elements of the Metamodel, determination of what entities are involved (domain), how decisions have been taken (control levels of logic), and which processes and interactions took place (rationalities and organisational levels) is deemed necessary. For the systemic approach of the Metamodel, the common ground is a systemic view of the real world which tries to take reality and all its complexity into account. Ripp mentions that though the high level of abstraction is primarily a strength of the Metamodel, it can also be a weakness; users must have a deep level of understanding and openness to transfer and apply a Metamodel with such a high level of abstraction to other situations.</p><p>The book is well organised in three parts. Part one focuses on the contextual background, identification of the problem, theories, methods and research design; part two talks about the application of research methods; part three reveals the description, application and demonstration of the Metamodel in Regensburg, Germany. After testing the model in Regensburg, revisions to the Metamodel have been made. The book demonstrates how the Metamodel can be used, and presented as a key to solving many problems concerning heritage planning (designing heritage-based urban development processes, improving ongoing ones, to evaluating them). It is argued that the model is also useful for teaching and training, curriculum development, coaching of staff involved in heritage-based development, and scientific studies and set as example for developing other models.</p><h3><span>1.2 </span>What is the relevance of this book for urban conservation studies?</h3><p>Conservation studies since the 1964 Venice Charter have been regulated by international agendas and mostly by the dominance of ICOMOS as an expert organisation. This, however, resulted in a scientific discipline that lacked distinct theories and approaches. Rather, as advised by Gustavo Giovannoni, each case was treated individually, which diminished the necessity for a theory or a method (1913). In recent years, there has been an attempt to fill this void, by borrowing concepts and theories from other disciplines into conservation studies. Ripp’s Metamodel seems to be a positive effort in this direction.</p><p>The study criticises that “there is no universal method to use heritage as a resource for urban development”. The author concluding that this was not realistic, suggests that a Metamodel, combining successful models, was developed as a solution for universal usage. In Ripp’s words, “The Metamodel is on a higher level of abstraction than a model and is therefore independent of the specific environments of the models”. Using the Metamodeling theory of John P. Van Gigch (1991), the model approaches heritage as a system. Ripp used three model case studies HerO (Heritage as Opportunity), the COMUS (Community-Based Urban Development Project) and the Halland Project to develop the Metamodel. Abstract elements of the Metamodel were developed with the Design Research Methodology. The Metamodel was then tested in Regensburg Germany to understand heritage-based urban growth in the area. It is presented as a golden key to solving many problems concerning heritage planning (designing heritage-based urban development processes, improving ongoing ones, evaluating them and also for developing curricular and capacity-building activities on the topic).</p><p>Ripp used three types of sources: scientific literature (to formulate the key concepts and expand on theories to develop the Metamodel); policy documents (to analyse what strategies and regulations are derived from these theories and integrate those that are relevant into the Metamodel); practical experience (either his own work experience or from colleagues, to bridge the gap between international conventions and local actions.</p><p>After a lengthy discussion on the methodology, the actual THRIVE Metamodel is being discussed only towards the end of the book. The Metamodel is designed in five steps, very similar to a linear urban development model. The output of one phase becomes the input of the next, just as it does in the linear model. The graphic representation of the phases of THRIVE Metamodel, hermeneutically does not contribute to a further conceptualisation of heritage-based urban development. The scoping phase is specifically emphasised in this model, yet this step is already acknowledged by many such as RIBA Plan of Work (2020) and other local plan regulations. Furthermore, it forms the essence of UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape Approach (2011), together with civic engagement tool.</p><p>Although the Metamodel identified the elements that needs to be analysed, how the analysis should be done, and how the interaction between these components should be evaluated is not clear. Today the biggest challenge is to deal with the big data and to develop an understanding of the interrelations between complex systems forming cities. Heritage components add to this complexity as concepts, people, and processes (also identified in the THRIVE Metamodel) are difficult to measure and quantify, thus the utilisation of this model, may need supplementary work.</p><p>According to THRIVE Metamodel the vision is developed at the third phase of the model. The vision statement could come as an output of the analysis phase, and feed into the development. Without a vision, development of a heritage-based urban plan could go in various directions. If the vision comes as an output of the development phase, as in the case of THRIVE Metamodel, it would then be read as a narrative charted suitable for the limitations of the project, post-partum. Whereas if the vision is produced following the analysis phase, it then could act as a driving force, a willpower to shape the heritage-based urban development. To give an example, the analysis could indicate room for economic development using/with heritage assets. Based on different understandings of vision approaches, this could range from ecological approaches to real-estate-based development. Therefore, it can be argued that a vision statement serves its purpose better if used as an input to the Development Phase and not as an outcome. The development narrative starting from the scoping phase [output] until the development phase [input] seems to stay unchanged, thus it is not clear how this narrative is transformed into the vision statement.</p><p>Another point to focus on is the challenges. In THRIVE Metamodel, challenges are obtained as an outcome of the analysis phase, which then serves as an input for the development phase. Through development, the challenges are transformed into vision, strategies and planning, and indicated as outcomes. Here we are missing a step for the identification of the challenges/threats, opportunities and benefits, which comes later as an outcome of the implementation phase. However, challenges/threats, opportunities and benefits inform the planning decisions, before any step is taken into implementation. Although the graphic representation does not imply a cyclic mechanism, at the end of the implementation phase, the development of the narrative appears as an outcome, which indicates that there is a feedback mechanism.</p><p>There is a great potential to use the THRIVE Metamodel for performance evaluation of the projects at the end of the evaluation phase. The system is designed to provide feedback to the initial development narrative, yet how it could be done needs to be explained further. The linear process at the end takes the development narrative, opportunities, threats, benefits, as well as effects, concepts, people and context as input and through evaluation transforms them into concepts, principles, context, people and resources as outcome. Further to that, the development phase seems to hinge on the moderator. This aspect, a weak point of the Metamodel, revealed itself in the Regensburg example. On the other hand, selection of Regensburg as a case study to demonstrate the Metamodel may not be ideal because, the existing models already use Western European examples, whereas a model with a universal ambition could have been demonstrated better with an example outside of the West Europe and North America region.</p><p>The book should be commended for it tackles a very difficult problem dissecting heritage-based development projects into its basic components. Methodologically, the categorisation is based on a sound approach. For the key questions on defining the common elements of the heritage-based development models, qualitative research was conducted to analyse exemplary case-models and derive common elements that can develop the more abstract elements in the three categories described by Van Gigch (control levels of logic, domains, and rationalities and organisational levels). Here we see that, the findings are very much related to the inputs, just as in a linear thinking process. Ripp acknowledges that selected projects had different approaches to heritage, therefore commonalities were speculated to be very basic elements, and not the unique elements that enabled their selection in the first place. While the dependency of THRIVE Metamodel on Van Gigch’s theory is rather high, morphological studies seen as one of the inspirational fields for the methodological aspects of Metamodel, does not emerge strongly. However, the idea to address the issue with a Metamodel is worthwhile and opens up new avenues in heritage-based urban development studies.</p><p>Matthias Ripp's recent publication, Metamodel for Heritage-Based Urban Development, is a valuable contribution to urban heritage studies as it offers a new methodology for understanding the complexity of the topic. Existing theoretical approaches to heritage-based urban development are limited and fragmented, forcing practitioners, site managers and decision-makers to confront this complexity by experiencing it, so often each team charts the territory itself. The systemic approach presented in this book responds to this need as it brings together theories, personal experiences and results of case studies on heritage-based urban development. The abstraction that comes with the Metamodel is amenable to interpretation and provides the structure needed to make a good start to an urban development project that aims to prioritise heritage. The approach presented here is equally useful for students of heritage studies focusing on process. The research methodology is inspiring for researchers in the heritage field.</p><p>Not applicable.</p><dl><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>COMUS:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>Community-Based Urban Development (COE/OWHC) Project</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>HerO:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>Heritage as Opportunity (URBACT II Project)</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>ICOMOS:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>International Council of Monuments and Sites</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>RIBA:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>The Royal Institute of British Architects</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>THRIVE:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>Metamodel for Heritage-Based Urban Development (based on meTamodel HeRItage deVElopment)</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>UNESCO:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation</p>\n</dd></dl><ul data-track-component=\"outbound reference\"><li><p>Giovannoni, G. 1913. Vecchie città ed edilizia nuova. <i>Nuova antologia</i> 165: 449–472.</p></li><li><p>RIBA. 2020. RIBA plan of work 2020.</p></li><li><p>Ripp, M. 2022. A Metamodel for Heritage-based Urban Development: Enabling Sustainable Growth Through Urban Cultural Heritage. Springer Nature.</p></li><li><p>UNESCO. 2011. Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape. Paris: UNSCO.</p></li><li><p>Van Gigch, J. P. 1991. <i>System design modeling and metamodeling</i>. New York: Springer New York.</p></li></ul><p>Download references<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" role=\"img\" width=\"16\"><use xlink:href=\"#icon-eds-i-download-medium\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"></use></svg></p><p>Not applicable.</p><p>Not applicable.</p><h3>Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol><li><p>ARCHES Research Group, University of Antwerp, Blindestraat 9B, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium</p><p>Yonca Erkan</p></li><li><p>UNESCO Chair on the Management and Promotion of World Heritage Sites: New Media and Community Involvement, Kadir Has University, Kadir Has Avenue, Istanbul, 34083, Turkey</p><p>Yonca Erkan</p></li></ol><span>Authors</span><ol><li><span>Yonca Erkan</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li></ol><h3>Contributions</h3><p>All author read and approved the final manuscript.</p><h3>Corresponding author</h3><p>Correspondence to Yonca Erkan.</p><h3>Competing interests</h3>\n<p>The author declare that she has no competing interests. The author of the book, Matthias Ripp, is an Editorial Board member of <i>Built Heritage</i>.</p><h3>Publisher’s Note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p><p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.</p>\n<p>Reprints and Permissions</p><img alt=\"Check for updates. 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A metamodel for heritage-based urban development: enabling sustainable growth through urban cultural heritage, by Matthias Ripp. Springer Cham, 2022. 209pp. ISBN9783031082375. <i>Built Heritage</i> <b>7</b>, 27 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-023-00107-y</p><p>Download citation<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" role=\"img\" width=\"16\"><use xlink:href=\"#icon-eds-i-download-medium\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"></use></svg></p><ul data-test=\"publication-history\"><li><p>Received<span>: </span><span><time datetime=\"2023-09-18\">18 September 2023</time></span></p></li><li><p>Accepted<span>: </span><span><time datetime=\"2023-10-11\">11 October 2023</time></span></p></li><li><p>Published<span>: </span><span><time datetime=\"2023-12-19\">19 December 2023</time></span></p></li><li><p>DOI</abbr><span>: </span><span>https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-023-00107-y</span></p></li></ul><h3>Share this article</h3><p>Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"get shareable link\" data-track-external=\"\" data-track-label=\"button\" type=\"button\">Get shareable link</button><p>Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p><p data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"select share url\" data-track-label=\"button\"></p><button data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"copy share url\" data-track-external=\"\" data-track-label=\"button\" type=\"button\">Copy to clipboard</button><p> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p>","PeriodicalId":33925,"journal":{"name":"Built Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A metamodel for heritage-based urban development: enabling sustainable growth through urban cultural heritage, by Matthias Ripp. Springer Cham, 2022. 209pp. ISBN9783031082375\",\"authors\":\"Yonca Erkan\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s43238-023-00107-y\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<h3><span>1.1 </span>What is the book about?</h3><p>This article provides a review on the new publication of Matthias Ripp titled Meta-model for Heritage-based Urban Development: Enabling Sustainable Growth through Urban Cultural Heritage released by Springer in 2022. The subtitle is an inspirational, hope-giving, new perspective to heritage studies, if one puts aside the growth-based world economic systems towards development.</p><p>Matthias Ripp is one of the recognised scholars in the field of urban conservation. His publications over the years have contributed greatly to the development of the field. His recent book is one of the few theoretical approaches that enable a complex understanding of the city using a systemic approach, as well as a good demonstration of a methodological study. By using various theories (urban morphology, governance, and metamodeling theory) and the observations and examinations of earlier heritage-based development processes Ripp proposed the use of a Metamodel and overcome the shortages of the individual models. To develop the elements of the Metamodel, determination of what entities are involved (domain), how decisions have been taken (control levels of logic), and which processes and interactions took place (rationalities and organisational levels) is deemed necessary. For the systemic approach of the Metamodel, the common ground is a systemic view of the real world which tries to take reality and all its complexity into account. Ripp mentions that though the high level of abstraction is primarily a strength of the Metamodel, it can also be a weakness; users must have a deep level of understanding and openness to transfer and apply a Metamodel with such a high level of abstraction to other situations.</p><p>The book is well organised in three parts. Part one focuses on the contextual background, identification of the problem, theories, methods and research design; part two talks about the application of research methods; part three reveals the description, application and demonstration of the Metamodel in Regensburg, Germany. After testing the model in Regensburg, revisions to the Metamodel have been made. The book demonstrates how the Metamodel can be used, and presented as a key to solving many problems concerning heritage planning (designing heritage-based urban development processes, improving ongoing ones, to evaluating them). It is argued that the model is also useful for teaching and training, curriculum development, coaching of staff involved in heritage-based development, and scientific studies and set as example for developing other models.</p><h3><span>1.2 </span>What is the relevance of this book for urban conservation studies?</h3><p>Conservation studies since the 1964 Venice Charter have been regulated by international agendas and mostly by the dominance of ICOMOS as an expert organisation. This, however, resulted in a scientific discipline that lacked distinct theories and approaches. Rather, as advised by Gustavo Giovannoni, each case was treated individually, which diminished the necessity for a theory or a method (1913). In recent years, there has been an attempt to fill this void, by borrowing concepts and theories from other disciplines into conservation studies. Ripp’s Metamodel seems to be a positive effort in this direction.</p><p>The study criticises that “there is no universal method to use heritage as a resource for urban development”. The author concluding that this was not realistic, suggests that a Metamodel, combining successful models, was developed as a solution for universal usage. In Ripp’s words, “The Metamodel is on a higher level of abstraction than a model and is therefore independent of the specific environments of the models”. Using the Metamodeling theory of John P. Van Gigch (1991), the model approaches heritage as a system. Ripp used three model case studies HerO (Heritage as Opportunity), the COMUS (Community-Based Urban Development Project) and the Halland Project to develop the Metamodel. Abstract elements of the Metamodel were developed with the Design Research Methodology. The Metamodel was then tested in Regensburg Germany to understand heritage-based urban growth in the area. It is presented as a golden key to solving many problems concerning heritage planning (designing heritage-based urban development processes, improving ongoing ones, evaluating them and also for developing curricular and capacity-building activities on the topic).</p><p>Ripp used three types of sources: scientific literature (to formulate the key concepts and expand on theories to develop the Metamodel); policy documents (to analyse what strategies and regulations are derived from these theories and integrate those that are relevant into the Metamodel); practical experience (either his own work experience or from colleagues, to bridge the gap between international conventions and local actions.</p><p>After a lengthy discussion on the methodology, the actual THRIVE Metamodel is being discussed only towards the end of the book. The Metamodel is designed in five steps, very similar to a linear urban development model. The output of one phase becomes the input of the next, just as it does in the linear model. The graphic representation of the phases of THRIVE Metamodel, hermeneutically does not contribute to a further conceptualisation of heritage-based urban development. The scoping phase is specifically emphasised in this model, yet this step is already acknowledged by many such as RIBA Plan of Work (2020) and other local plan regulations. Furthermore, it forms the essence of UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape Approach (2011), together with civic engagement tool.</p><p>Although the Metamodel identified the elements that needs to be analysed, how the analysis should be done, and how the interaction between these components should be evaluated is not clear. Today the biggest challenge is to deal with the big data and to develop an understanding of the interrelations between complex systems forming cities. Heritage components add to this complexity as concepts, people, and processes (also identified in the THRIVE Metamodel) are difficult to measure and quantify, thus the utilisation of this model, may need supplementary work.</p><p>According to THRIVE Metamodel the vision is developed at the third phase of the model. The vision statement could come as an output of the analysis phase, and feed into the development. Without a vision, development of a heritage-based urban plan could go in various directions. If the vision comes as an output of the development phase, as in the case of THRIVE Metamodel, it would then be read as a narrative charted suitable for the limitations of the project, post-partum. Whereas if the vision is produced following the analysis phase, it then could act as a driving force, a willpower to shape the heritage-based urban development. To give an example, the analysis could indicate room for economic development using/with heritage assets. Based on different understandings of vision approaches, this could range from ecological approaches to real-estate-based development. Therefore, it can be argued that a vision statement serves its purpose better if used as an input to the Development Phase and not as an outcome. The development narrative starting from the scoping phase [output] until the development phase [input] seems to stay unchanged, thus it is not clear how this narrative is transformed into the vision statement.</p><p>Another point to focus on is the challenges. In THRIVE Metamodel, challenges are obtained as an outcome of the analysis phase, which then serves as an input for the development phase. Through development, the challenges are transformed into vision, strategies and planning, and indicated as outcomes. Here we are missing a step for the identification of the challenges/threats, opportunities and benefits, which comes later as an outcome of the implementation phase. However, challenges/threats, opportunities and benefits inform the planning decisions, before any step is taken into implementation. Although the graphic representation does not imply a cyclic mechanism, at the end of the implementation phase, the development of the narrative appears as an outcome, which indicates that there is a feedback mechanism.</p><p>There is a great potential to use the THRIVE Metamodel for performance evaluation of the projects at the end of the evaluation phase. The system is designed to provide feedback to the initial development narrative, yet how it could be done needs to be explained further. The linear process at the end takes the development narrative, opportunities, threats, benefits, as well as effects, concepts, people and context as input and through evaluation transforms them into concepts, principles, context, people and resources as outcome. Further to that, the development phase seems to hinge on the moderator. This aspect, a weak point of the Metamodel, revealed itself in the Regensburg example. On the other hand, selection of Regensburg as a case study to demonstrate the Metamodel may not be ideal because, the existing models already use Western European examples, whereas a model with a universal ambition could have been demonstrated better with an example outside of the West Europe and North America region.</p><p>The book should be commended for it tackles a very difficult problem dissecting heritage-based development projects into its basic components. Methodologically, the categorisation is based on a sound approach. For the key questions on defining the common elements of the heritage-based development models, qualitative research was conducted to analyse exemplary case-models and derive common elements that can develop the more abstract elements in the three categories described by Van Gigch (control levels of logic, domains, and rationalities and organisational levels). Here we see that, the findings are very much related to the inputs, just as in a linear thinking process. Ripp acknowledges that selected projects had different approaches to heritage, therefore commonalities were speculated to be very basic elements, and not the unique elements that enabled their selection in the first place. While the dependency of THRIVE Metamodel on Van Gigch’s theory is rather high, morphological studies seen as one of the inspirational fields for the methodological aspects of Metamodel, does not emerge strongly. However, the idea to address the issue with a Metamodel is worthwhile and opens up new avenues in heritage-based urban development studies.</p><p>Matthias Ripp's recent publication, Metamodel for Heritage-Based Urban Development, is a valuable contribution to urban heritage studies as it offers a new methodology for understanding the complexity of the topic. Existing theoretical approaches to heritage-based urban development are limited and fragmented, forcing practitioners, site managers and decision-makers to confront this complexity by experiencing it, so often each team charts the territory itself. The systemic approach presented in this book responds to this need as it brings together theories, personal experiences and results of case studies on heritage-based urban development. The abstraction that comes with the Metamodel is amenable to interpretation and provides the structure needed to make a good start to an urban development project that aims to prioritise heritage. The approach presented here is equally useful for students of heritage studies focusing on process. The research methodology is inspiring for researchers in the heritage field.</p><p>Not applicable.</p><dl><dt style=\\\"min-width:50px;\\\"><dfn>COMUS:</dfn></dt><dd>\\n<p>Community-Based Urban Development (COE/OWHC) Project</p>\\n</dd><dt style=\\\"min-width:50px;\\\"><dfn>HerO:</dfn></dt><dd>\\n<p>Heritage as Opportunity (URBACT II Project)</p>\\n</dd><dt style=\\\"min-width:50px;\\\"><dfn>ICOMOS:</dfn></dt><dd>\\n<p>International Council of Monuments and Sites</p>\\n</dd><dt style=\\\"min-width:50px;\\\"><dfn>RIBA:</dfn></dt><dd>\\n<p>The Royal Institute of British Architects</p>\\n</dd><dt style=\\\"min-width:50px;\\\"><dfn>THRIVE:</dfn></dt><dd>\\n<p>Metamodel for Heritage-Based Urban Development (based on meTamodel HeRItage deVElopment)</p>\\n</dd><dt style=\\\"min-width:50px;\\\"><dfn>UNESCO:</dfn></dt><dd>\\n<p>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation</p>\\n</dd></dl><ul data-track-component=\\\"outbound reference\\\"><li><p>Giovannoni, G. 1913. Vecchie città ed edilizia nuova. <i>Nuova antologia</i> 165: 449–472.</p></li><li><p>RIBA. 2020. RIBA plan of work 2020.</p></li><li><p>Ripp, M. 2022. A Metamodel for Heritage-based Urban Development: Enabling Sustainable Growth Through Urban Cultural Heritage. Springer Nature.</p></li><li><p>UNESCO. 2011. Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape. Paris: UNSCO.</p></li><li><p>Van Gigch, J. P. 1991. <i>System design modeling and metamodeling</i>. New York: Springer New York.</p></li></ul><p>Download references<svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" focusable=\\\"false\\\" height=\\\"16\\\" role=\\\"img\\\" width=\\\"16\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#icon-eds-i-download-medium\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"></use></svg></p><p>Not applicable.</p><p>Not applicable.</p><h3>Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol><li><p>ARCHES Research Group, University of Antwerp, Blindestraat 9B, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium</p><p>Yonca Erkan</p></li><li><p>UNESCO Chair on the Management and Promotion of World Heritage Sites: New Media and Community Involvement, Kadir Has University, Kadir Has Avenue, Istanbul, 34083, Turkey</p><p>Yonca Erkan</p></li></ol><span>Authors</span><ol><li><span>Yonca Erkan</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li></ol><h3>Contributions</h3><p>All author read and approved the final manuscript.</p><h3>Corresponding author</h3><p>Correspondence to Yonca Erkan.</p><h3>Competing interests</h3>\\n<p>The author declare that she has no competing interests. The author of the book, Matthias Ripp, is an Editorial Board member of <i>Built Heritage</i>.</p><h3>Publisher’s Note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p><p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.</p>\\n<p>Reprints and Permissions</p><img alt=\\\"Check for updates. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

元模型的设计分为五个步骤,与线性城市发展模型非常相似。一个阶段的产出成为下一个阶段的输入,就像在线性模型中一样。从诠释学的角度看,THRIVE 元模型各阶段的图形表示法无助于进一步构思以遗产为基础的城市发展。该模型特别强调了范围界定阶段,但这一步骤已得到许多方面的认可,如英国皇家建筑师学会工作计划(2020 年)和其他地方规划条例。尽管元模型确定了需要分析的要素,但如何进行分析以及如何评估这些要素之间的相互作用却并不明确。当今最大的挑战是如何处理大数据,以及如何理解构成城市的复杂系统之间的相互关系。遗产要素增加了这一复杂性,因为概念、人和过程(也在 THRIVE 元模型中确定)很难测量和量化,因此利用这一模型可能需要补充工作。根据 THRIVE 元模型,愿景是在模型的第三阶段制定的。愿景陈述可以作为分析阶段的一项产出,并为开发阶段提供信息。如果没有愿景,以遗产为基础的城市规划的发展可能会朝着不同的方向发展。如果愿景是开发阶段的成果,如 THRIVE 元模型的情况,那么它就会被解读为适合项目局限性的叙述性图表。而如果愿景是在分析阶段之后产生的,那么它就会成为一种动力,一种塑造以遗产为基础的城市发展的意志力。举例来说,分析可以指出利用遗产资产发展经济的空间。根据对愿景方法的不同理解,这可能包括生态方法和基于房地产的发展。因此,可以说,如果将愿景说明作为发展阶段的一项投入,而不是结果,那么它就能更好地发挥其作用。从范围界定阶段[输出]到开发阶段[输入]的开发叙述似乎保持不变,因此不清楚如何将这一叙述转化为愿景声明。在 THRIVE 元模型中,挑战是分析阶段的结果,然后作为开发阶段的输入。通过发展阶段,挑战被转化为愿景、战略和规划,并作为成果显示出来。在这里,我们缺少了确定挑战/威胁、机遇和效益的步骤,而这是实施阶段的成果。然而,挑战/威胁、机遇和效益为规划决策提供了信息,然后才开始实施。虽然图形表示法并不意味着循环机制,但在实施阶段结束时,叙述的发展作为结果出现,这表明存在反馈机制。该系统旨在为最初的发展叙述提供反馈,但如何做到这一点还需要进一步解释。最后的线性过程将发展说明、机会、威胁、效益以及效果、概念、人员和环境作为输入,并通过评估将其转化为概念、原则、环境、人员和资源作为结果。此外,发展阶段似乎取决于主持人。这方面是元模型的一个弱点,在雷根斯堡的例子中暴露无遗。另一方面,选择雷根斯堡作为展示 "元模型 "的案例研究可能并不理想,因为现有的模型已经使用了西欧的例子,而如果使用西欧和北美地区以外的例子,则可以更好地展示一个具有普遍雄心的模型。从方法论上讲,该书的分类方法是合理的。对于定义基于遗产的发展模式的共同要素这一关键问题,我们进行了定性研究,以分析典范案例模式,并得出共同要素,从而在 Van Gigch 所描述的三个类别(逻辑、领域和合理性的控制层面以及组织层面)中发展出更为抽象的要素。在这里,我们可以看到,研究结果与输入密切相关,就像线性思维过程一样。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A metamodel for heritage-based urban development: enabling sustainable growth through urban cultural heritage, by Matthias Ripp. Springer Cham, 2022. 209pp. ISBN9783031082375

1.1 What is the book about?

This article provides a review on the new publication of Matthias Ripp titled Meta-model for Heritage-based Urban Development: Enabling Sustainable Growth through Urban Cultural Heritage released by Springer in 2022. The subtitle is an inspirational, hope-giving, new perspective to heritage studies, if one puts aside the growth-based world economic systems towards development.

Matthias Ripp is one of the recognised scholars in the field of urban conservation. His publications over the years have contributed greatly to the development of the field. His recent book is one of the few theoretical approaches that enable a complex understanding of the city using a systemic approach, as well as a good demonstration of a methodological study. By using various theories (urban morphology, governance, and metamodeling theory) and the observations and examinations of earlier heritage-based development processes Ripp proposed the use of a Metamodel and overcome the shortages of the individual models. To develop the elements of the Metamodel, determination of what entities are involved (domain), how decisions have been taken (control levels of logic), and which processes and interactions took place (rationalities and organisational levels) is deemed necessary. For the systemic approach of the Metamodel, the common ground is a systemic view of the real world which tries to take reality and all its complexity into account. Ripp mentions that though the high level of abstraction is primarily a strength of the Metamodel, it can also be a weakness; users must have a deep level of understanding and openness to transfer and apply a Metamodel with such a high level of abstraction to other situations.

The book is well organised in three parts. Part one focuses on the contextual background, identification of the problem, theories, methods and research design; part two talks about the application of research methods; part three reveals the description, application and demonstration of the Metamodel in Regensburg, Germany. After testing the model in Regensburg, revisions to the Metamodel have been made. The book demonstrates how the Metamodel can be used, and presented as a key to solving many problems concerning heritage planning (designing heritage-based urban development processes, improving ongoing ones, to evaluating them). It is argued that the model is also useful for teaching and training, curriculum development, coaching of staff involved in heritage-based development, and scientific studies and set as example for developing other models.

1.2 What is the relevance of this book for urban conservation studies?

Conservation studies since the 1964 Venice Charter have been regulated by international agendas and mostly by the dominance of ICOMOS as an expert organisation. This, however, resulted in a scientific discipline that lacked distinct theories and approaches. Rather, as advised by Gustavo Giovannoni, each case was treated individually, which diminished the necessity for a theory or a method (1913). In recent years, there has been an attempt to fill this void, by borrowing concepts and theories from other disciplines into conservation studies. Ripp’s Metamodel seems to be a positive effort in this direction.

The study criticises that “there is no universal method to use heritage as a resource for urban development”. The author concluding that this was not realistic, suggests that a Metamodel, combining successful models, was developed as a solution for universal usage. In Ripp’s words, “The Metamodel is on a higher level of abstraction than a model and is therefore independent of the specific environments of the models”. Using the Metamodeling theory of John P. Van Gigch (1991), the model approaches heritage as a system. Ripp used three model case studies HerO (Heritage as Opportunity), the COMUS (Community-Based Urban Development Project) and the Halland Project to develop the Metamodel. Abstract elements of the Metamodel were developed with the Design Research Methodology. The Metamodel was then tested in Regensburg Germany to understand heritage-based urban growth in the area. It is presented as a golden key to solving many problems concerning heritage planning (designing heritage-based urban development processes, improving ongoing ones, evaluating them and also for developing curricular and capacity-building activities on the topic).

Ripp used three types of sources: scientific literature (to formulate the key concepts and expand on theories to develop the Metamodel); policy documents (to analyse what strategies and regulations are derived from these theories and integrate those that are relevant into the Metamodel); practical experience (either his own work experience or from colleagues, to bridge the gap between international conventions and local actions.

After a lengthy discussion on the methodology, the actual THRIVE Metamodel is being discussed only towards the end of the book. The Metamodel is designed in five steps, very similar to a linear urban development model. The output of one phase becomes the input of the next, just as it does in the linear model. The graphic representation of the phases of THRIVE Metamodel, hermeneutically does not contribute to a further conceptualisation of heritage-based urban development. The scoping phase is specifically emphasised in this model, yet this step is already acknowledged by many such as RIBA Plan of Work (2020) and other local plan regulations. Furthermore, it forms the essence of UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape Approach (2011), together with civic engagement tool.

Although the Metamodel identified the elements that needs to be analysed, how the analysis should be done, and how the interaction between these components should be evaluated is not clear. Today the biggest challenge is to deal with the big data and to develop an understanding of the interrelations between complex systems forming cities. Heritage components add to this complexity as concepts, people, and processes (also identified in the THRIVE Metamodel) are difficult to measure and quantify, thus the utilisation of this model, may need supplementary work.

According to THRIVE Metamodel the vision is developed at the third phase of the model. The vision statement could come as an output of the analysis phase, and feed into the development. Without a vision, development of a heritage-based urban plan could go in various directions. If the vision comes as an output of the development phase, as in the case of THRIVE Metamodel, it would then be read as a narrative charted suitable for the limitations of the project, post-partum. Whereas if the vision is produced following the analysis phase, it then could act as a driving force, a willpower to shape the heritage-based urban development. To give an example, the analysis could indicate room for economic development using/with heritage assets. Based on different understandings of vision approaches, this could range from ecological approaches to real-estate-based development. Therefore, it can be argued that a vision statement serves its purpose better if used as an input to the Development Phase and not as an outcome. The development narrative starting from the scoping phase [output] until the development phase [input] seems to stay unchanged, thus it is not clear how this narrative is transformed into the vision statement.

Another point to focus on is the challenges. In THRIVE Metamodel, challenges are obtained as an outcome of the analysis phase, which then serves as an input for the development phase. Through development, the challenges are transformed into vision, strategies and planning, and indicated as outcomes. Here we are missing a step for the identification of the challenges/threats, opportunities and benefits, which comes later as an outcome of the implementation phase. However, challenges/threats, opportunities and benefits inform the planning decisions, before any step is taken into implementation. Although the graphic representation does not imply a cyclic mechanism, at the end of the implementation phase, the development of the narrative appears as an outcome, which indicates that there is a feedback mechanism.

There is a great potential to use the THRIVE Metamodel for performance evaluation of the projects at the end of the evaluation phase. The system is designed to provide feedback to the initial development narrative, yet how it could be done needs to be explained further. The linear process at the end takes the development narrative, opportunities, threats, benefits, as well as effects, concepts, people and context as input and through evaluation transforms them into concepts, principles, context, people and resources as outcome. Further to that, the development phase seems to hinge on the moderator. This aspect, a weak point of the Metamodel, revealed itself in the Regensburg example. On the other hand, selection of Regensburg as a case study to demonstrate the Metamodel may not be ideal because, the existing models already use Western European examples, whereas a model with a universal ambition could have been demonstrated better with an example outside of the West Europe and North America region.

The book should be commended for it tackles a very difficult problem dissecting heritage-based development projects into its basic components. Methodologically, the categorisation is based on a sound approach. For the key questions on defining the common elements of the heritage-based development models, qualitative research was conducted to analyse exemplary case-models and derive common elements that can develop the more abstract elements in the three categories described by Van Gigch (control levels of logic, domains, and rationalities and organisational levels). Here we see that, the findings are very much related to the inputs, just as in a linear thinking process. Ripp acknowledges that selected projects had different approaches to heritage, therefore commonalities were speculated to be very basic elements, and not the unique elements that enabled their selection in the first place. While the dependency of THRIVE Metamodel on Van Gigch’s theory is rather high, morphological studies seen as one of the inspirational fields for the methodological aspects of Metamodel, does not emerge strongly. However, the idea to address the issue with a Metamodel is worthwhile and opens up new avenues in heritage-based urban development studies.

Matthias Ripp's recent publication, Metamodel for Heritage-Based Urban Development, is a valuable contribution to urban heritage studies as it offers a new methodology for understanding the complexity of the topic. Existing theoretical approaches to heritage-based urban development are limited and fragmented, forcing practitioners, site managers and decision-makers to confront this complexity by experiencing it, so often each team charts the territory itself. The systemic approach presented in this book responds to this need as it brings together theories, personal experiences and results of case studies on heritage-based urban development. The abstraction that comes with the Metamodel is amenable to interpretation and provides the structure needed to make a good start to an urban development project that aims to prioritise heritage. The approach presented here is equally useful for students of heritage studies focusing on process. The research methodology is inspiring for researchers in the heritage field.

Not applicable.

COMUS:

Community-Based Urban Development (COE/OWHC) Project

HerO:

Heritage as Opportunity (URBACT II Project)

ICOMOS:

International Council of Monuments and Sites

RIBA:

The Royal Institute of British Architects

THRIVE:

Metamodel for Heritage-Based Urban Development (based on meTamodel HeRItage deVElopment)

UNESCO:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

  • Giovannoni, G. 1913. Vecchie città ed edilizia nuova. Nuova antologia 165: 449–472.

  • RIBA. 2020. RIBA plan of work 2020.

  • Ripp, M. 2022. A Metamodel for Heritage-based Urban Development: Enabling Sustainable Growth Through Urban Cultural Heritage. Springer Nature.

  • UNESCO. 2011. Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape. Paris: UNSCO.

  • Van Gigch, J. P. 1991. System design modeling and metamodeling. New York: Springer New York.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ARCHES Research Group, University of Antwerp, Blindestraat 9B, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium

    Yonca Erkan

  2. UNESCO Chair on the Management and Promotion of World Heritage Sites: New Media and Community Involvement, Kadir Has University, Kadir Has Avenue, Istanbul, 34083, Turkey

    Yonca Erkan

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  1. Yonca ErkanView author publications

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All author read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yonca Erkan.

Competing interests

The author declare that she has no competing interests. The author of the book, Matthias Ripp, is an Editorial Board member of Built Heritage.

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Erkan, Y. A metamodel for heritage-based urban development: enabling sustainable growth through urban cultural heritage, by Matthias Ripp. Springer Cham, 2022. 209pp. ISBN9783031082375. Built Heritage 7, 27 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-023-00107-y

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来源期刊
Built Heritage
Built Heritage Arts and Humanities-History
CiteScore
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29
审稿时长
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