Molecular genetic markers of ovarian cancer tumor cells and their microenvironment, study methods, and clinical value: A review

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a common malignancy of the female reproductive system. In most patients, OC is diagnosed in the later stages, leading to an abysmal prognosis. The standard treatment for OC is surgery and chemotherapy; however, relapse often occurs after treatment, especially in patients with advanced disease. New therapeutic options based on advances in tumor genetics and molecular biology are needed to improve treatment outcomes. Manipulations with genes and the proteins they express, affecting oncogenesis and treatment resistance, seem promising, and proteins and gene fragments identified using molecular methods become valuable markers in the supportive pharmacodiagnosis and tailoring of complex therapy. This article describes the research achievements in genetic markers in OC.