Active thermodynamic force driven mitochondrial alignment

Mitochondria are critical organelles in eukaryotes that produce the energy currency ATP. In nerve axons, mitochondria are known to align at almost regular intervals to maintain a constant ATP concentration, but little is known about the mechanism. In this letter, we show theoretically that ATP production and ATP-dependent non-directional movement of mitochondria are sufficient for alignment, even in the absence of an explicit repulsive force between them. This is similar to thermodynamic forces driven by thermal fluctuations, even generated by non-equilibrium processes, and demonstrates the diversity of mechanisms governing the motion of biological matter.