缅甸媒体:遗产与挑战

Maria Ochwat
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引用次数: 1

摘要

近50年来,缅甸一直由军政府统治。它不容许任何批评,并严惩任何敢于反对他们的人。与此同时,它切断了缅甸与世界其他地区的联系,使外界无法了解缅甸的内部局势。这些变化是在吴登盛第一届文官政府于2011年成立时宣布的。从那时起已经过去了近10年,根据新闻自由指数,缅甸被认为是言论自由和媒体自由经常受到侵犯的国家之一,记者经常受到迫害和惩罚。言论自由是民主社会的支柱之一,是民主社会发展的基础,也是个人实现自我的条件。行使言论自由的最重要方式之一是通过自由和独立的媒体。尊重言论自由和传播媒介自由的问题必须放在更广泛的背景下看待。应当指出,尊重人权与维持和平之间有着密切的联系。虽然言论自由,也就是传播媒介自由,是在特定情况下可能受到限制的自由之一,但不能武断地加以限制。根据国际公法,这些自由的行使,由于带有义务和责任,可受到法律规定的和民主社会为维护国家安全、领土完整或公共安全、防止混乱或犯罪、保护健康或道德、保护他人的名誉或权利所必需的手续、条件、限制或处罚。防止在保密情况下收到的资料被披露,或维持司法机构的权威和公正。缅甸当局在实行和维持对言论和媒体自由的限制时,常常以国家安全、保护道德或公共秩序为由,提出有必要限制言论和媒体自由。然而,人们可以大胆地说,他们实际上害怕批评和可能针对现任当局的公众行动。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Myanmar Media: Legacy and Challenges
For nearly fifty years Myanmar was ruled by a military junta. It did not tolerate any criticism, and severely punished anyone who dared to oppose them. At the same time, it cut the country off from the rest of the world, preventing it from being informed about Burma’s internal situation. The announcement of the changes came when Thein Sein’s first civilian government was formed in 2011. Almost 10 years have passed since then and Myanmar, according to the Press Freedom Index, is considered to be one of the countries where freedom of speech and freedom of the media are commonly violated and journalists are often persecuted and punished. Freedom of expression is one of the pillars of a democratic society, the basis for its development and a condition for the self-fulfillment of the individual. One of the most important ways of exercising freedom of speech is through free and independent media. The issue of respect for freedom of expression and freedom of the media must be seen in a broader context. It should be noted that there is a close link between respect for human rights and peacekeeping. Although freedom of expression, and thus freedom of the media, is one of those freedoms which may be restricted in specific situations, it cannot be done arbitrarily. Under public international law the exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The authorities of Myanmar, when introducing and maintaining restrictions on freedom of speech and media, often invoke the need to restrict freedom of speech and media for reasons of state security, protection of morality or public order. However, one can venture to say that they are in fact afraid of criticism and possible public actions against the current authorities.
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