An analysis of musculoskeletal disorder risk factors associated with common pedagogical principles of the Lhevinne and Taubman piano schools: A literature review

Playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) are highly prevalent among concert pianists due to the unique sociological and historical predispositions of the instrument. Although current literature explores PRMD risk factors in isolation, few studies have explored the complex interdependencies that exist between the procedural and postural practices of pianists. This study aims to reframe this discussion by holistically exploring how common educational principles in phalangeal curvature, wrist flexion range of motion, and technical exercises interact to precipitate in PRMDs. The practices of the Lhevinne and Taubman schools were comparatively evaluated through kinematic studies to discern potential biomechanical stresses, and the findings were compared with current empirical evidence to ascertain links to PRMDs. The findings from this review indicate pedagogical susceptibility patterns may be more nuanced than the claims of stakeholders. However, studies suggest that practitioners of the Lhevinne school should incorporate phalangeal postures with active flexion to reduce susceptibility to tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Practitioners of the Taubman school should further apply low-intensity technical exercises for warm-ups to increase muscle flexibility and facilitate temperature-related benefits to performance. However, high-intensity exercises at the Lhevinne school such as consecutive intervals and flexibility studies are contrary to current biomechanical observations.