古代日本园林考古

IF 0.7 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY
Richard Pearson
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文综述了公元4世纪至12世纪日本约20处园林遗址的考古研究成果,重点介绍了遗址平面图、建筑遗迹、石群和池塘。将五个地点的相关植物遗迹制成表格并进行简要讨论。我介绍了一些早期的中国和韩国的祖先,并提供了历史背景。带有长方形池塘的花园是在飞鸟时代(公元538-710年)从大陆引入的。从奈良时代(公元710-794年)开始,园林制作被日本的不对称曲线风格所接纳,这种风格的建筑远离中轴线。这里讨论的花园代表了原始花园的一个小样本。它们包括两个采用欧陆风格的早期例子(即上家宫和古宫),一个来自皇宫遗址的花园,一个围绕平安时代shinden式建筑(带有侧翼的高住宅)及其改编的净土形式的花园,以及一个与退休皇帝的宫殿有关的花园。植物是有花的树木和灌木的组合,其中许多是从大陆引进的,还有本地的落叶和常绿树木。大陆上带有矩形池塘的花园属于皇家宫殿,是皇家权威的象征,飞鸟时代的例子也是如此。在平安时代,新森园等国家园林是用于国家职能,需要足够的空间和简单的组织,而藤原等精英朝臣赞助的园林则表现出佛教信仰的表达。在鸟羽理宫,由退休的天皇在复杂的退休制度下建造,皇陵与豪宅、佛教寺庙和教堂共享景观。成群的石头、弯曲的溪流、干燥的景观和低矮的瀑布可能早在奈良时期就出现了。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Archaeology of Ancient Japanese Gardens
abstract: This article summarizes the results of archaeological research on some 20 Japanese garden sites dating from the fourth to twelfth centuries a.d., emphasizing the site plan, remains of structures, stone groupings, and ponds. Associated plant remains from five sites are tabulated and briefly discussed. I introduce some early Chinese and Korean antecedents and provide historical context. Gardens with rectangular ponds were introduced from the continent in the Asuka Period (a.d. 538–710). From the Nara Period (a.d. 710–794), garden making was naturalized in a Japanese asymetrical curving style in which structures were located away from the central axis. The gardens discussed here represent a small sample of the original gardens. They include two early examples of an adopted continental style (i.e., Uenomiya and Furumiya), a garden from an imperial palace site, gardens enclosing Heian Period shinden type architecture (raised residence with side wings) and its adapted Pure Land form, and a garden associated with the palace of a retired emperor. Plantings show a combination of flowering trees and shrubs, many introduced from the continent, combined with native deciduous and evergreen trees. Continental examples of gardens with rectangular ponds belong to royal palaces and were symbols of royal authority, as were the examples dated to the Asuka Period. In the Heian Period, state gardens such as Shinsen'en were used for state functions and required ample space and simple organization, while gardens sponsored by elite courtiers such as the Fujiwara show the expression of Buddhist belief. In the Toba Rikyū, built by retired emperors under a complex insei (retirement) system, imperial mausolea shared the landscape with mansions, Buddhist temples, and chapels. Groupings of stones, curving streams, dry landscapes, and low waterfalls probably all occurred as early as the Nara Period.
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CiteScore
1.40
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