Concise review: Breastfeeding, lactation, and NAFLD. An updated view of cross-generational disease transmission and prevention

Evidence suggests that breastfeeding protects the mother-infant dyad against the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this context, we aim to provide insight into the most notable and representative epidemiological studies published in the literature. Furthermore, we will delve into the potential underlying pathomechanisms that might be involved in this relationship. The current definitions of breastfeeding, lactation, mother-infant dyad, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are provided. Next, the epidemiological evidence supporting potential benefits for the (long-term) lactating mother in terms of protection from the development and progression of NAFLD is reviewed. The putative mechanisms underlying this protection are also analyzed. Similarly, clinical and epidemiological studies evaluating the benefits of breastfeeding for the offspring are examined, together with a discussion of the putative underlying mechanisms. In conclusion, our understanding of breastfeeding (for the offspring) and lactation (for the mother) as protective factors from NAFLD development and fibrotic progression will provide further insight into unprecedented disease mechanisms shared by the mother-infant dyad promising to interrupt the vicious cycle of NAFLD transmission across generations.