100年的腐蚀测试-是时候超越ASTM D130了吗?电线腐蚀和导电沉积试验

IF 1 Q4 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Gregory J. Hunt, Lindsey Choo, Timothy Newcomb
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引用次数: 0

摘要

ASTM D130于1922年首次发布,作为检测汽油中腐蚀性硫的试探性标准。将一条干净的铜条在50°C的汽油样品中浸泡3小时,如果有任何腐蚀或变色,则表明存在腐蚀性硫。从那时起,该方法经历了多次修订,并已应用于许多石油产品。今天,ASTM D130标准是用于确定各种燃料,润滑剂和其他烃基溶液对铜的腐蚀性的主要方法。测试结束后的测试条使用ASTM铜条腐蚀标准附着物进行排名,该附着物是铜条的彩色复制品,具有不同程度的硫磺引起的变色和腐蚀特征,于1954年首次推出。这种实用的方法可以评估铜硬件的潜在腐蚀问题,一个世纪以来一直为各种行业提供良好的服务。传动系统润滑油一直被要求保护硬件,传动液规格中一直包含铜腐蚀条测试,以确保这一点。在传统的变速器中,铜及其合金以轴套、轴承和垫圈等机械部件的形式存在。这些部件的腐蚀虽然有害,但通常不会立即导致故障。然而,电子和电动机的结合导致了新的故障模式,这可能会产生直接和毁灭性的后果。设计一种润滑油来保护新的电气化硬件,需要了解在实际工作温度下发生的腐蚀,以及腐蚀产物的潜在损害。虽然ASTM D130提供了有关硬件腐蚀易感性的一般见解,但这些信息通常是在高温下收集的,并且没有收集有关腐蚀产物影响的信息。ASTM D130在充分评估这些可能发生在电驱动单元(edu)内的新故障模式的风险方面没有足够的具体规定。新的方法,特别是导线腐蚀试验(WCT)和导电沉积试验(CDT),已经被创造出来填补了这些空白。在本文中,我们提供了ASTM D130标准的创建和演变的历史,这对于理解其意义和局限性都很重要。然后,我们使用ASTM D130条法和WCT法评估了五种润滑剂的腐蚀特性。我们对比了这些结果,这表明从WCT中获得了更大的理解。然后,我们用CDT对五种润滑剂进行评估,从而深入了解腐蚀产物是否会危及系统。我们的结论是,WCT和CDT都需要提供对电气化硬件腐蚀的全面了解,以最大限度地降低腐蚀相关失效模式的风险。我们预计,在未来十年内,WCT和CDT将在原始设备制造商(OEM)规范中确立自己的地位,并将为润滑油的防腐性能提供有用的保证,特别是对于混合动力(hev)和电动汽车(ev)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
100 Years of Corrosion Testing—Is It Time to Move beyond the ASTM D130? The Wire Corrosion and Conductive Deposit Tests
The ASTM D130 was first issued in 1922 as a tentative standard for the detection of corrosive sulfur in gasoline. A clean copper strip was immersed in a sample of gasoline for three hours at 50°C with any corrosion or discoloration taken to indicate the presence of corrosive sulfur. Since that time, the method has undergone many revisions and has been applied to many petroleum products. Today, the ASTM D130 standard is the leading method used to determine the corrosiveness of various fuels, lubricants, and other hydrocarbon-based solutions to copper. The end-of-test strips are ranked using the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standard Adjunct, a colored reproduction of copper strips characteristic of various degrees of sulfur-induced tarnish and corrosion, first introduced in 1954. This pragmatic approach to assessing potential corrosion concerns with copper hardware has served various industries well for a century.
Driveline lubricants have always been required to protect hardware, and transmission fluid specifications have always included a version of the copper corrosion strip test to assure this. In conventional transmissions, copper and its alloys are present in the form of mechanical parts such as bushings, bearings, and washers. Corrosion of these parts, while detrimental, does not typically result in immediate failure. However, the incorporation of electronics and electric motors has resulted in new failure modes which can have immediate and devastating consequences. Designing a lubricant to protect new electrified hardware requires an understanding of corrosion that occurs under actual operating temperatures, as well as potential damage from corrosion products. While the ASTM D130 provides general insight regarding the susceptibility of the hardware to corrode, the information is typically gleaned at elevated temperatures, and no information is gathered about the impact of corrosion products. The ASTM D130 is simply not sufficiently specific to adequately assess the risk of these new failure modes that may occur within electric drive units (EDUs). Newer methods, in particular, the wire corrosion test (WCT) and conductive deposit test (CDT), have been created to fill these gaps.
In this article, we provide the history of the creation and evolution of the ASTM D130 standard, which is important in understanding both its significance and limitations. We then assess the corrosion characteristics of five lubricants using both the ASTM D130 strip method and the WCT method. We contrast these results, which demonstrate the greater understanding gleaned from the WCT. We then assess the five lubricants with the CDT, which provides insight into whether the corrosion products might endanger the system. We conclude that both the WCT and CDT are needed to provide a holistic understanding of corrosion in electrified hardware necessary to minimize the risk of corrosion-related failure modes. We anticipate that the WCT and CDT will establish themselves in original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications over the next decade and will provide a useful assurance of lubricant performance in corrosion, especially for hybrid (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs).
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来源期刊
SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants
SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY-
CiteScore
2.20
自引率
10.00%
发文量
16
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