来自西非的景色

IF 0.4 Q4 COMMUNICATION
Kevin E. Grimm
{"title":"来自西非的景色","authors":"Kevin E. Grimm","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2275077","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn the 1950s, many Ghanaians identified with African Americans as they read about events involving American racial violence in Ghanaian newspapers. Yet the transnational connections appearing in those periodicals varied in depth, intensity, and sincerity depending on their political or commercial connections. This study analyzes the reactions in key Ghanaian newspapers, such as those affiliated with Kwame Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party, the British-owned Daily Graphic, and the Ashanti Pioneer, to key moments in 1950s American race relations, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the events in Little Rock, and the infamous ‘Orange Juice’ incident involving discrimination against the Ghanaian minister of finance. By demonstrating that the Pioneer more often covered the personal angles of such events, while the tones of CPP-affiliated papers and even the Daily Graphic vacillated based on changing political needs, this study both shows the complicated nature of transnational racial identifications as they flowed west across the Atlantic and reveals the promises and limits of Ghanaian connections to members of the African diaspora during the decolonizing period in Ghana.KEYWORDS: GhanaKwame Nkrumahcivil rightsracial identificationsdecolonization Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Telegram, Roger Ross and Hyman Bloom to Department of State, “Gold Coast Newspapers,” July 27, 1951, 2, 945H.61/7-2751, Reel 27, CFBA 1950–54.2 Among others, see Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line and Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights.3 Treatments of African American views of foreign relations, Africa, and Ghana include Anderson, Eyes Off the Prize; Anderson, Bourgeois Radicals; Gaines, American Africans in Ghana; Grimm, “Gazing Toward Ghana”; Meriwether, Proudly We can be Africans; Plummer, Rising Wind; Plummer, ed. Window on Freedom; and Von Eschen, Race Against Empire.4 Jones-Quartey, Summary History, 24, 57.5 Faringer, Press Freedom in Africa, 44–5.6 Allman, “The Youngmen,” 279.7 Israel, “The Afrocentric Perspective,” 427; Hargrove, “Ashanti Pioneer,” 31.8 Jones-Quartey, Ghana Press, 28.9 Ibid., 34.10 Ibid..11 Gadzekpo, “Fifty Years,” 93–4.12 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 22, 1956, Reel 14, SCDCA.13 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, May 4, 1956, 5, Reel 14, SCDCA.14 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 23, 1956, 5, Reel 14, SCDCA.15 Ibid.16 United States Information Agency, “World-wide Press Comments on the Racial Problem in the U.S., 1956,” April 10, 1956, p. 30, Box 8, Office of Research, Intelligence Bulletins, Memorandums, and Summaries, 1954–56, USIA-NARA.17 Ibid., 30–1.18 Ibid., 31.19 Henry Lowrie, “Negro Student’s Case Now People’s Case,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 7, 1956, 2, Reel 14, SCDCA.20 Ibid.21 Ibid.22 “High Schools Remain Closed,” Ashanti Pioneer, September 16, 1958, Reel 15, SCDCA.23 “Little rock, Arkansas,” Ashanti Pioneer, October 14, 1958, p. 5, Reel 15, SCDCA.24 “Race Integration Ordered,” Ghana Times, January 12, 1959, p. 4, Reel 1, SCDCA.25 “Global Glimpses,” Ashanti Pioneer, May 28, 1959, p. 5, Reel 15, SCDCA.26 “Little Rock Takes Negroes in High School,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 7, “Police Beat Back Anti-Integration Crowd,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 4, both on Reel 1, SCDCA.27 “Police Beat Back Anti-Integration Crowd,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 4.28 “Bombs in Little Rock,” Ghana Times, September 9, 1959, 4, Reel 1, SCDCA.29 “Little Rock Again,” The Ghanaian Times, July 13, 1960, 9, Reel 5, SCDCA.30 Isaac Eshun, “An ‘on the spot’ study of—The Little Rock Scene,” Daily Graphic, July 7, 1959, 5, Reel 11, SCDCA.31 Ibid.32 Ibid.33 Ibid.34 Ibid.35 Ibid.36 Isaac Eshun, “The Little Rock Scene: It Requires Repentance and Forgiveness,” Daily Graphic, July 8, 1959, 5, Reel 11, SCDCA.37 Eshun, “An ‘on the Spot’ Study of—The Little Rock Scene,” 5.38 Eshun, “The Little Rock Scene,” 5.39 Ibid.40 Edwards, Newspapermen, 206.41 Telegram, Roger Ross and Hyman Bloom to Department of State, “Gold Coast Newspapers,” July 27, 1951, 6, 945H.61/7-2751, Reel 27, CFBA 1950–54.42 Ibid.43 Faringer, Press Freedom, 44–5.44 Chick, “Ashanti Times,” 88.45 For the formal U.S.-Ghana government relationship in the 1950s, see Johns and Statler, eds., The Eisenhower Administration; Montgomery, “The Eyes of the World”; Muehlenbeck, Betting on the Africans; Nwaubani, Decolonization in West Africa; White, Jr., Holding the Line; and White, Jr., “Big Ballin’!?” One account of Soviet-Ghanaian relations is Mazov, A Distant Front.46 “Gbedemah Meets Colour Bar in United States,” The Ghana Evening News, October 10, 1957, 1, Reel 20, SCDCA.47 Telegram, Wilson Flake to Department of State, No. 147, October 10, 1957, 1, 845J.411/10-1057, Reel 27, CFBA 1955–1959.48 Ibid., 1.49 Ibid.50 Ibid., 1–2.51 Ibid., 2.52 Telegram, Wilson Flake to Department of State, No. 148, October 10, 1957, 1, 845J.411/10-1057, Reel 27, CFBA 1955–1959.53 Telegram, Stephen Gebelt to Secretary of State, \"Restriction of Freedom of the Press in Ghana,\" No. 166, September 9, 1960, p. 1, 945J.61/9-960, Reel 10, CFG 1960–1963.54 Ibid., 1.55 Ibid.56 John P. Meagher to Secretary of State, \"Ashanti Pioneer (Control) Instrument Revoked,\" No. 745, June 1, 1961, 945J.61/6-161, Reel 10, CFG 1960–1963.57 Faringer, Press Freedom, 19, 21.58 Ibid. 19.59 Gebelt, “Restriction of Freedom of the Press in Ghana,” 1.60 Editorial, “‘Time’ Magazine to Note,” Ghana Times, October 29, 1959, 2, Reel 3, SCDCA.61 Editorial, “Heed This Warning,” Ghana Times, June 30, 1960, 2, Reel 5, SCDCA.62 Ibid.63 Ibid.64 Fred Zusy, “Race Troubles in New York,” Ashanti Pioneer, August 18, 1959, 2, Reel 16, SCDCA.65 Ibid.66 Simon Kavanaugh, “The Rev. Martin Luther King,” Ashanti Pioneer, September 10, 1960, 2, Reel 17, SCDCA.67 Ibid.68 Plummer, Rising Wind, 258, 278–9.69 Gaines, African Americans in Ghana, 68.70 “Kwame Nkrumah’s Text—June 5th, Commencement Exercises, Lincoln University,” June 5, 1951, 5–6. Box 68, Folder 290, HMB Papers.71 Gaines, African Americans in Ghana, 90.72 For Louis Armstrong’s visits see Davenport, Jazz Diplomacy and Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World.Additional informationNotes on contributorsKevin E. GrimmKevin E. Grimm, Humanities Department, Regent University, 1000 Regent University Drive, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23464, United States of America","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"37 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Views from West Africa\",\"authors\":\"Kevin E. Grimm\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/13688804.2023.2275077\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"AbstractIn the 1950s, many Ghanaians identified with African Americans as they read about events involving American racial violence in Ghanaian newspapers. Yet the transnational connections appearing in those periodicals varied in depth, intensity, and sincerity depending on their political or commercial connections. This study analyzes the reactions in key Ghanaian newspapers, such as those affiliated with Kwame Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party, the British-owned Daily Graphic, and the Ashanti Pioneer, to key moments in 1950s American race relations, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the events in Little Rock, and the infamous ‘Orange Juice’ incident involving discrimination against the Ghanaian minister of finance. By demonstrating that the Pioneer more often covered the personal angles of such events, while the tones of CPP-affiliated papers and even the Daily Graphic vacillated based on changing political needs, this study both shows the complicated nature of transnational racial identifications as they flowed west across the Atlantic and reveals the promises and limits of Ghanaian connections to members of the African diaspora during the decolonizing period in Ghana.KEYWORDS: GhanaKwame Nkrumahcivil rightsracial identificationsdecolonization Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Telegram, Roger Ross and Hyman Bloom to Department of State, “Gold Coast Newspapers,” July 27, 1951, 2, 945H.61/7-2751, Reel 27, CFBA 1950–54.2 Among others, see Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line and Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights.3 Treatments of African American views of foreign relations, Africa, and Ghana include Anderson, Eyes Off the Prize; Anderson, Bourgeois Radicals; Gaines, American Africans in Ghana; Grimm, “Gazing Toward Ghana”; Meriwether, Proudly We can be Africans; Plummer, Rising Wind; Plummer, ed. Window on Freedom; and Von Eschen, Race Against Empire.4 Jones-Quartey, Summary History, 24, 57.5 Faringer, Press Freedom in Africa, 44–5.6 Allman, “The Youngmen,” 279.7 Israel, “The Afrocentric Perspective,” 427; Hargrove, “Ashanti Pioneer,” 31.8 Jones-Quartey, Ghana Press, 28.9 Ibid., 34.10 Ibid..11 Gadzekpo, “Fifty Years,” 93–4.12 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 22, 1956, Reel 14, SCDCA.13 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, May 4, 1956, 5, Reel 14, SCDCA.14 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 23, 1956, 5, Reel 14, SCDCA.15 Ibid.16 United States Information Agency, “World-wide Press Comments on the Racial Problem in the U.S., 1956,” April 10, 1956, p. 30, Box 8, Office of Research, Intelligence Bulletins, Memorandums, and Summaries, 1954–56, USIA-NARA.17 Ibid., 30–1.18 Ibid., 31.19 Henry Lowrie, “Negro Student’s Case Now People’s Case,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 7, 1956, 2, Reel 14, SCDCA.20 Ibid.21 Ibid.22 “High Schools Remain Closed,” Ashanti Pioneer, September 16, 1958, Reel 15, SCDCA.23 “Little rock, Arkansas,” Ashanti Pioneer, October 14, 1958, p. 5, Reel 15, SCDCA.24 “Race Integration Ordered,” Ghana Times, January 12, 1959, p. 4, Reel 1, SCDCA.25 “Global Glimpses,” Ashanti Pioneer, May 28, 1959, p. 5, Reel 15, SCDCA.26 “Little Rock Takes Negroes in High School,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 7, “Police Beat Back Anti-Integration Crowd,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 4, both on Reel 1, SCDCA.27 “Police Beat Back Anti-Integration Crowd,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 4.28 “Bombs in Little Rock,” Ghana Times, September 9, 1959, 4, Reel 1, SCDCA.29 “Little Rock Again,” The Ghanaian Times, July 13, 1960, 9, Reel 5, SCDCA.30 Isaac Eshun, “An ‘on the spot’ study of—The Little Rock Scene,” Daily Graphic, July 7, 1959, 5, Reel 11, SCDCA.31 Ibid.32 Ibid.33 Ibid.34 Ibid.35 Ibid.36 Isaac Eshun, “The Little Rock Scene: It Requires Repentance and Forgiveness,” Daily Graphic, July 8, 1959, 5, Reel 11, SCDCA.37 Eshun, “An ‘on the Spot’ Study of—The Little Rock Scene,” 5.38 Eshun, “The Little Rock Scene,” 5.39 Ibid.40 Edwards, Newspapermen, 206.41 Telegram, Roger Ross and Hyman Bloom to Department of State, “Gold Coast Newspapers,” July 27, 1951, 6, 945H.61/7-2751, Reel 27, CFBA 1950–54.42 Ibid.43 Faringer, Press Freedom, 44–5.44 Chick, “Ashanti Times,” 88.45 For the formal U.S.-Ghana government relationship in the 1950s, see Johns and Statler, eds., The Eisenhower Administration; Montgomery, “The Eyes of the World”; Muehlenbeck, Betting on the Africans; Nwaubani, Decolonization in West Africa; White, Jr., Holding the Line; and White, Jr., “Big Ballin’!?” One account of Soviet-Ghanaian relations is Mazov, A Distant Front.46 “Gbedemah Meets Colour Bar in United States,” The Ghana Evening News, October 10, 1957, 1, Reel 20, SCDCA.47 Telegram, Wilson Flake to Department of State, No. 147, October 10, 1957, 1, 845J.411/10-1057, Reel 27, CFBA 1955–1959.48 Ibid., 1.49 Ibid.50 Ibid., 1–2.51 Ibid., 2.52 Telegram, Wilson Flake to Department of State, No. 148, October 10, 1957, 1, 845J.411/10-1057, Reel 27, CFBA 1955–1959.53 Telegram, Stephen Gebelt to Secretary of State, \\\"Restriction of Freedom of the Press in Ghana,\\\" No. 166, September 9, 1960, p. 1, 945J.61/9-960, Reel 10, CFG 1960–1963.54 Ibid., 1.55 Ibid.56 John P. Meagher to Secretary of State, \\\"Ashanti Pioneer (Control) Instrument Revoked,\\\" No. 745, June 1, 1961, 945J.61/6-161, Reel 10, CFG 1960–1963.57 Faringer, Press Freedom, 19, 21.58 Ibid. 19.59 Gebelt, “Restriction of Freedom of the Press in Ghana,” 1.60 Editorial, “‘Time’ Magazine to Note,” Ghana Times, October 29, 1959, 2, Reel 3, SCDCA.61 Editorial, “Heed This Warning,” Ghana Times, June 30, 1960, 2, Reel 5, SCDCA.62 Ibid.63 Ibid.64 Fred Zusy, “Race Troubles in New York,” Ashanti Pioneer, August 18, 1959, 2, Reel 16, SCDCA.65 Ibid.66 Simon Kavanaugh, “The Rev. Martin Luther King,” Ashanti Pioneer, September 10, 1960, 2, Reel 17, SCDCA.67 Ibid.68 Plummer, Rising Wind, 258, 278–9.69 Gaines, African Americans in Ghana, 68.70 “Kwame Nkrumah’s Text—June 5th, Commencement Exercises, Lincoln University,” June 5, 1951, 5–6. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

在20世纪50年代,当许多加纳人在加纳报纸上读到有关美国种族暴力事件时,他们就会认同非裔美国人。然而,出现在这些期刊上的跨国联系在深度、强度和诚意上各不相同,这取决于他们的政治或商业联系。本研究分析了加纳主要报纸对20世纪50年代美国种族关系关键时刻的反应,如那些隶属于Kwame Nkrumah的Convention People ' s Party、英国所有的Daily Graphic和Ashanti Pioneer的报纸,包括蒙哥马利巴士抵制、小石城事件和臭名昭著的“橙汁”事件,该事件涉及对加纳财政部长的歧视。通过证明《先锋报》更多地从个人角度报道这些事件,而共产党附属报纸甚至《每日图形报》的语气则会根据不断变化的政治需求而摇摆不定,本研究既显示了跨国种族认同在向西跨越大西洋时的复杂性,也揭示了加纳在非殖民化时期与非洲侨民的联系的承诺和局限性。关键词:加纳、瓦米·恩克鲁玛、公民权利、种族认同、非殖民化披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1罗杰·罗斯和海曼·布鲁姆给国务院的电报,“黄金海岸报纸”,1951年7月27日,2945页。另外,参见Borstelmann的《冷战与肤色界线》和Dudziak的《冷战时期的民权》。3关于非裔美国人对外交关系、非洲和加纳的看法的论述包括Anderson的《目光离开奖》;安德森《资产阶级激进派》;加纳的非洲裔美国人;格林,《凝视加纳》;梅里韦瑟,我们可以自豪地成为非洲人;Plummer,起风;普卢默主编:《自由之窗》;和冯·埃申,《种族与帝国》,琼斯·夸特,《历史概要》,第24页;57.5法林格,《非洲的新闻自由》,第44-5.6页;奥尔曼,《年轻人》,第279.7页;以色列,《非洲中心主义视角》,第427页;哈格罗夫,《阿散蒂先驱》,31.8琼斯-夸特,加纳出版社,28.9同上,34.10同上……11Gadzekpo,“五十年”,1993 - 4.12《世界新闻简讯》,1956年3月22日,第14卷,SCDCA.13《世界新闻简讯》,1956年5月4日,第5卷,第14卷,SCDCA.13《世界新闻简讯》,1956年5月23日,第5卷,第14卷,SCDCA.14》《世界新闻简讯》,1956年3月23日,第5卷,第14卷,SCDCA.15同上。16美国新闻署,《1956年世界新闻对美国种族问题的评论》,1956年4月10日,第30页,第8栏,研究办公室,情报公报,备忘录和摘要,1954-56年,USIA-NARA.17Henry Lowrie,“黑人学生的案子现在是人民的案子”,Ashanti Pioneer, 1956年3月7日,2,Reel 14, SCDCA.20同上,21,同上,22“高中仍然关闭”,Ashanti Pioneer, 1958年9月16日,Reel 15, SCDCA.23“阿肯色州小石城”,Ashanti Pioneer, 1958年10月14日,第5页,Reel 15, SCDCA.24“种族融合命令”,加纳时报,1959年1月12日,第4页,Reel 1, SCDCA.25“全球概览”,1959年8月14日,加纳时报,1959年8月14日,第7页,“警察击退反种族融合人群”,加纳时报,1959年8月14日,第4页,均为scdca第1卷第27页,“警察击退反种族融合人群”,加纳时报,1959年8月14日,第4页,“小石城炸弹”,加纳时报,1959年9月9日,第4页,scdca第1卷第29页,“小石城又来了”。《加纳时报》,1960年7月13日,第9卷,第5卷,SCDCA.30艾萨克·埃顺,“对小石城场景的现场研究”,《每日图形报》,1959年7月7日,第5卷,第11卷,SCDCA.31同上,32同上,33同上,34同上,35同上,36艾萨克·埃顺,“小石城场景:它需要忏悔和宽恕,”每日图形,1959年7月8日,第5卷,第11卷,SCDCA.37 Eshun,“对小石城场景的现场研究”,5.38 Eshun,“小石城场景”,5.39同上。40爱德华兹,报人,206.41电报,罗杰·罗斯和海曼·布鲁姆给国务院,“黄金海岸报纸,”1951年7月27日,第6卷,945页。61/7-2751, Reel 27, CFBA 1950-54.42同上43 Faringer, Press Freedom, 44-5.44 Chick,“Ashanti Times”,88.45关于1950年代美国与加纳政府的正式关系,见Johns and Statler主编。艾森豪威尔政府;蒙哥马利,《世界之眼》;Muehlenbeck,押注非洲人;Nwaubani,西非的非殖民化;小怀特,坚守阵地;小怀特:“大笨蛋!?”《加纳晚报》1957年10月10日第1卷第20页,scdca。47威尔逊·弗莱克给国务院的电报,1957年10月10日第147期,第1845页。411/10-1057,卷27,CFBA 1955-1959.48同上,1.49同上,50同上,1 - 2.51同上,2.52威尔逊·弗莱克给国务院的电报,第148号,1957年10月10日,1,845 j。411/10-1057, Reel 27, CFBA 1955-1959。 53电报,斯蒂芬·格贝尔特给国务卿,“加纳新闻自由的限制”,第166期,1960年9月9日,第1页,第945页。61/9-960, Reel 10, CFG 1960-1963.54同上,1.55同上。56 John P. Meagher致国务卿,“阿散蒂先锋(控制)仪器被撤销”,第745期,1961年6月1日,945J。61/6-161,第10卷,CFG 1960 - 1963.57法林格,《新闻自由》,19,21.58同上19.59格贝尔特,“加纳新闻自由的限制”,1.60社论,“《时代》杂志值得注意”,加纳时报,1959年10月29日,第2卷,第3卷,SCDCA.61社论,“注意这个警告”,加纳时报,1960年6月30日,第2卷,第5卷,SCDCA.62同上,63同上,64弗雷德·祖西,“纽约的种族问题”,阿桑蒂先驱,1959年8月18日,第2卷,第16卷,SCDCA.65同上,66西蒙·卡瓦诺,“马丁·路德·金牧师”《阿珊蒂先驱》,1960年9月10日,第2卷,第17卷,SCDCA.67同上。68普卢默,《起风》,258卷,278卷- 9.69盖恩斯,加纳的非裔美国人,68.70《夸梅·恩克鲁玛的文本——6月5日,林肯大学毕业典礼》,1951年6月5日,第5 - 6页。71盖恩斯,加纳的非裔美国人,90.72关于路易斯·阿姆斯特朗的访问,见《达文波特》,《爵士外交》和冯·艾臣,《萨奇莫炸毁世界》。额外信息撰稿人说明凯文·格林凯文·格林,摄政大学人文系,摄政大学路1000号,弗吉尼亚海滩,弗吉尼亚23464,美国
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Views from West Africa
AbstractIn the 1950s, many Ghanaians identified with African Americans as they read about events involving American racial violence in Ghanaian newspapers. Yet the transnational connections appearing in those periodicals varied in depth, intensity, and sincerity depending on their political or commercial connections. This study analyzes the reactions in key Ghanaian newspapers, such as those affiliated with Kwame Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party, the British-owned Daily Graphic, and the Ashanti Pioneer, to key moments in 1950s American race relations, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the events in Little Rock, and the infamous ‘Orange Juice’ incident involving discrimination against the Ghanaian minister of finance. By demonstrating that the Pioneer more often covered the personal angles of such events, while the tones of CPP-affiliated papers and even the Daily Graphic vacillated based on changing political needs, this study both shows the complicated nature of transnational racial identifications as they flowed west across the Atlantic and reveals the promises and limits of Ghanaian connections to members of the African diaspora during the decolonizing period in Ghana.KEYWORDS: GhanaKwame Nkrumahcivil rightsracial identificationsdecolonization Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Telegram, Roger Ross and Hyman Bloom to Department of State, “Gold Coast Newspapers,” July 27, 1951, 2, 945H.61/7-2751, Reel 27, CFBA 1950–54.2 Among others, see Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line and Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights.3 Treatments of African American views of foreign relations, Africa, and Ghana include Anderson, Eyes Off the Prize; Anderson, Bourgeois Radicals; Gaines, American Africans in Ghana; Grimm, “Gazing Toward Ghana”; Meriwether, Proudly We can be Africans; Plummer, Rising Wind; Plummer, ed. Window on Freedom; and Von Eschen, Race Against Empire.4 Jones-Quartey, Summary History, 24, 57.5 Faringer, Press Freedom in Africa, 44–5.6 Allman, “The Youngmen,” 279.7 Israel, “The Afrocentric Perspective,” 427; Hargrove, “Ashanti Pioneer,” 31.8 Jones-Quartey, Ghana Press, 28.9 Ibid., 34.10 Ibid..11 Gadzekpo, “Fifty Years,” 93–4.12 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 22, 1956, Reel 14, SCDCA.13 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, May 4, 1956, 5, Reel 14, SCDCA.14 “World News in Brief,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 23, 1956, 5, Reel 14, SCDCA.15 Ibid.16 United States Information Agency, “World-wide Press Comments on the Racial Problem in the U.S., 1956,” April 10, 1956, p. 30, Box 8, Office of Research, Intelligence Bulletins, Memorandums, and Summaries, 1954–56, USIA-NARA.17 Ibid., 30–1.18 Ibid., 31.19 Henry Lowrie, “Negro Student’s Case Now People’s Case,” Ashanti Pioneer, March 7, 1956, 2, Reel 14, SCDCA.20 Ibid.21 Ibid.22 “High Schools Remain Closed,” Ashanti Pioneer, September 16, 1958, Reel 15, SCDCA.23 “Little rock, Arkansas,” Ashanti Pioneer, October 14, 1958, p. 5, Reel 15, SCDCA.24 “Race Integration Ordered,” Ghana Times, January 12, 1959, p. 4, Reel 1, SCDCA.25 “Global Glimpses,” Ashanti Pioneer, May 28, 1959, p. 5, Reel 15, SCDCA.26 “Little Rock Takes Negroes in High School,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 7, “Police Beat Back Anti-Integration Crowd,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 4, both on Reel 1, SCDCA.27 “Police Beat Back Anti-Integration Crowd,” Ghana Times, August 14, 1959, 4.28 “Bombs in Little Rock,” Ghana Times, September 9, 1959, 4, Reel 1, SCDCA.29 “Little Rock Again,” The Ghanaian Times, July 13, 1960, 9, Reel 5, SCDCA.30 Isaac Eshun, “An ‘on the spot’ study of—The Little Rock Scene,” Daily Graphic, July 7, 1959, 5, Reel 11, SCDCA.31 Ibid.32 Ibid.33 Ibid.34 Ibid.35 Ibid.36 Isaac Eshun, “The Little Rock Scene: It Requires Repentance and Forgiveness,” Daily Graphic, July 8, 1959, 5, Reel 11, SCDCA.37 Eshun, “An ‘on the Spot’ Study of—The Little Rock Scene,” 5.38 Eshun, “The Little Rock Scene,” 5.39 Ibid.40 Edwards, Newspapermen, 206.41 Telegram, Roger Ross and Hyman Bloom to Department of State, “Gold Coast Newspapers,” July 27, 1951, 6, 945H.61/7-2751, Reel 27, CFBA 1950–54.42 Ibid.43 Faringer, Press Freedom, 44–5.44 Chick, “Ashanti Times,” 88.45 For the formal U.S.-Ghana government relationship in the 1950s, see Johns and Statler, eds., The Eisenhower Administration; Montgomery, “The Eyes of the World”; Muehlenbeck, Betting on the Africans; Nwaubani, Decolonization in West Africa; White, Jr., Holding the Line; and White, Jr., “Big Ballin’!?” One account of Soviet-Ghanaian relations is Mazov, A Distant Front.46 “Gbedemah Meets Colour Bar in United States,” The Ghana Evening News, October 10, 1957, 1, Reel 20, SCDCA.47 Telegram, Wilson Flake to Department of State, No. 147, October 10, 1957, 1, 845J.411/10-1057, Reel 27, CFBA 1955–1959.48 Ibid., 1.49 Ibid.50 Ibid., 1–2.51 Ibid., 2.52 Telegram, Wilson Flake to Department of State, No. 148, October 10, 1957, 1, 845J.411/10-1057, Reel 27, CFBA 1955–1959.53 Telegram, Stephen Gebelt to Secretary of State, "Restriction of Freedom of the Press in Ghana," No. 166, September 9, 1960, p. 1, 945J.61/9-960, Reel 10, CFG 1960–1963.54 Ibid., 1.55 Ibid.56 John P. Meagher to Secretary of State, "Ashanti Pioneer (Control) Instrument Revoked," No. 745, June 1, 1961, 945J.61/6-161, Reel 10, CFG 1960–1963.57 Faringer, Press Freedom, 19, 21.58 Ibid. 19.59 Gebelt, “Restriction of Freedom of the Press in Ghana,” 1.60 Editorial, “‘Time’ Magazine to Note,” Ghana Times, October 29, 1959, 2, Reel 3, SCDCA.61 Editorial, “Heed This Warning,” Ghana Times, June 30, 1960, 2, Reel 5, SCDCA.62 Ibid.63 Ibid.64 Fred Zusy, “Race Troubles in New York,” Ashanti Pioneer, August 18, 1959, 2, Reel 16, SCDCA.65 Ibid.66 Simon Kavanaugh, “The Rev. Martin Luther King,” Ashanti Pioneer, September 10, 1960, 2, Reel 17, SCDCA.67 Ibid.68 Plummer, Rising Wind, 258, 278–9.69 Gaines, African Americans in Ghana, 68.70 “Kwame Nkrumah’s Text—June 5th, Commencement Exercises, Lincoln University,” June 5, 1951, 5–6. Box 68, Folder 290, HMB Papers.71 Gaines, African Americans in Ghana, 90.72 For Louis Armstrong’s visits see Davenport, Jazz Diplomacy and Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World.Additional informationNotes on contributorsKevin E. GrimmKevin E. Grimm, Humanities Department, Regent University, 1000 Regent University Drive, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23464, United States of America
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Media History
Media History COMMUNICATION-
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