智能制造:基于地方保护主义刺激发展的定义与理论

Oleksandr Vyshnevskyi
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引用次数: 0

摘要

智能制造的加速发展正在全球范围内展开,但对其激发的理论基础的界定,以及对“智能制造”概念的明确理解,仍有未开发的研究潜力。因此,本文的目的是确定基于地方保护主义刺激乌克兰智能制造发展的理论基础。对第四次工业革命(工业4.0)相关概念的系统化和整理,不仅可以厘清“智能制造”的概念,还可以区分“智能生产”、“智能维护”、“智能制造”等概念,并界定后者在互联概念体系中的位置。智能制造是智能生产的一部分,涉及通过使用体现在智能服务中的工业4.0技术来生产有形商品。基于智能制造的定义和作用,智能制造离不开“普通”制造,并明确了促进智能制造发展的概念方向,涉及:(1)工业4.0技术产生的智能服务领域;(2)智能生产领域;(3)智能配送领域;(4)智能交换领域;(5)智能消费领域;(6)智能制造的智能产品生产领域;(7)“普通”制造的智能产品生产领域;(8)智能制造“普通”产品的生产领域;(9)通过“普通”制造生产“普通”产品的领域。鉴于乌克兰国内制造业的减少,确保制造业智能化的服务业的发展实际上确保了外国制造业的智能化,这些外国制造业生产的商品随后进口到乌克兰。因此,建议同时从几个方向刺激智能制造的发展:(1)刺激制造业整体;(2)促进智能服务和工具的发展,促进制造业的智能化;(3)推动制造业引入智能服务;(4)刺激国内智能制造产品需求。乌克兰有两个制造业的智能化中心:(1)传统制造业,因为它投资于自己的智能化;(2)创造智能服务的小企业。近年来,印度已成为IT服务领域的重要参与者,但目前并没有明确地致力于制造业的智能化。在乌克兰,国内经济与欧盟市场协调的需要与为智能制造发展安排有利条件之间也存在矛盾。这一矛盾有可能在地方保护主义理论的基础上得到解决,办法是扩大和改进适用特殊经济制度(例如,技术园区)的做法,以及执行同时符合自由主义和保护主义经济理论学派规定的体制和组织解决办法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Smart manufacturing: definition and theory of stimulating development based on local protectionism
The accelerated development of smart manufacturing is taking place all over the world, but the definition of the theoretical foundations of its stimulation, as well as the unequivocal understanding of "smart manufacturing" concept still has an untapped research potential. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical foundations of stimulating the development of smart manufacturing in Ukraine based on local protectionism. The systematization and arrangement of concepts related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) allows not only to clarify the concept of "smart manufacturing", but also to distinguish the concepts of "smart production", "smart maintenance", "smart manufacturing” and define the place of the latter in the system of interconnected concepts. Smart manufacturing is a part of smart production that concerns the production of tangible goods through the use of Industry 4.0 technologies embodied in smart services. Based on the definition and role of smart manufacturing, it becomes clear that smart manufacturing cannot exist without “ordinary” manufacturing, as well as conceptual directions for stimulating the development of smart manufacturing are distinguished, relating to: (1) sphere of smart services, generated by Industry 4.0 technologies; (2) sphere of smart production; (3) sphere of smart distribution; (4) sphere of smart exchange; (5) sphere of smart consumption; (6) sphere of production of smart products by smart manufacturing; (7) sphere of production of smart products by "ordinary" manufacturing; (8) sphere of production of "ordinary" products by smart manufacturing; (9) sphere of production of "ordinary" products by "ordinary" manufacturing. Given the reduction of national manufacturing in Ukraine, the development of services to ensure the smartization of manufacturing actually insures the smartization of foreign manufacturing that produces goods that are then imported into Ukraine. Therefore, it is advisable to stimulate the development of smart manufacturing in several directions at the same time: (1) stimulation of the manufacturing as a whole; (2) stimulating the development of smart services and tools for smartization of manufacturing; (3) stimulating the introduction of smart services in manufacturing; (4) stimulation of demand for products produced by the domestic smart manufacturing. There are two centers of smartization of manufacturing in Ukraine: (1) traditional manufacturing, as it invests in its own smartization; (2) a small business that creates smart services. The state, which in recent years has turned into an important player in the field of IT services, currently is not working purposefully on the smartization of manufacturing. In Ukraine there is also a contradiction between the need to harmonize the domestic economy with the EU market and the arrangement of favorable conditions for the development of smart manufacturing. This contradiction has the potential to be resolved on the basis of local protectionism theory through the expansion and improvement of the practice of applying special economic regimes (for instance, technology parks), and as well as the implementation of institutional and organizational solutions that simultaneously correspond to the provisions of both liberal and protectionist schools of economic theory.
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