Human capital in Europe, 1830s–1930s: A general survey

Abstract Human capital is now widely acknowledged as one of the key determinants of economic growth. Research on how human skills accumulate and evolve through time has grown rapidly in recent years. This paper surveys it with a specific focus on Europe in the period 1830s–1930s. Our contribution is threefold: First, we find that the lack of fine‐grain spatial and (at the same time) harmonized data is preventing research on some important aspects of rising education. Second, we provide a preliminary taxonomy of European school acts and reforms in the 19th and early‐20th century. Finally, we present the first version of a dataset under construction, which aims at providing spatial data covering gross enrollment rates and literacy across European regions from c. 1830 to 1930. Our preliminary results show that, in c. 1850, educational clusters appear to have often crossed national borders. By contrast, the effect of national institutions and regulations seems to have become an important determinant of schooling (and literacy) rates on the eve of the 20th century.