土耳其的独裁、灾害管理和公共行政政治

IF 1.3 Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Nevbahar Ertas
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引用次数: 0

摘要

摘要虽然国家在加剧灾难方面的罪责并不新鲜,但在最近的土耳其地震之后,以行政机构瘫痪为特征的国家功能失调的程度是前所未有的。无论是在理论上还是在实践中,专制与有效的灾难和危机管理都不太吻合。在过去的二十年里,该国日益增长的竞争性威权主义破坏了土耳其治理结构的问责制、参与度、可预测性和透明度,所有这些都是支持风险减少和灾害管理的关键因素。本案例研究基于专制法律主义和量身定制法律概念的概念和理论探究,认为以竞争性威权主义为特征的国家在管理灾害方面效率较低,因为它们滥用国家机构实现党派目标,在获取公共资源方面造成差距,并削弱问责机制。随着有关地震应对的细节浮出水面,在公共部门管理中作为指导原则的民主被取消的事实证明更具灾难性。这一分析提供了一些教训和见解,这些教训和见解是用来使官僚主义和监督过程边缘化的。关键词:公共行政腐败灾害管理独裁案例研究披露声明作者未报告潜在利益冲突。注1这一时期最大的三个大规模审判包括Ergenekon审判(2008-2016),针对反对派律师、政治家、学者、记者和军官;大锤(土耳其语:Balyoz)审判(2010-2012)针对世俗军官;KCK(库尔德语:Koma Civakên Kurdistanê)审判(2009-2012)针对库尔德政治家、记者和活动家。在那些年里,在Ergenekon治下,超过500人受审,275人被定罪;在大锤统治下,350多人受审,300人被定罪;在KCK统治下,超过1500人尝试过。这些审判一再被谴责为不公正和有政治动机。参见Filkins, Citation2013;詹金斯Citation2019;到2013年7月,包括建筑师和工程师协会(TMMOB)的几名代表在内的50人被拘留。对格齐的审判将持续数年,涉及几起错综复杂的政治起诉,直到2022年判处了长期徒刑。例如,建筑师m塞拉Yapıcı, TMMOB环境影响评估部门的秘书长,与其他许多人一起,目前正在服刑18年。被指控帮助和资助抗议活动的慈善家奥斯曼·卡瓦拉(Osman Kavala)在狱中度过了4年多的时间,但没有被定罪,后来因与政变企图有关的指控被判处终身监禁,不得假释。中东民主项目(POMED)、自由之家、美国笔会和无国界记者组织(RSF)在联合声明中称盖齐公园案的判决是“对正义的嘲弄”(见自由之家2022年4月26日)。土耳其对盖齐审判的判决是对正义的嘲弄。与中东民主项目(POMED)、美国笔会和无国界记者组织(RSF)的联合声明。https://freedomhouse.org/article/turkeys-gezi-trial-verdict-travesty-justice)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Autocratization, Disaster Management, and the Politics of Public Administration in Turkey
AbstractWhile state culpability in compounding disasters is nothing new, in the aftermath of the recent earthquake in Turkey the extent of state dysfunction characterized by paralysis of the administrative institutions was unprecedented. Autocratization does not mesh well with effective disaster and crisis management, neither in theory nor in practice. Over the last two decades, rising competitive authoritarianism in the country has undermined accountability, participation, predictability, and transparency in Turkish governance structures, all of which are key factors that support risk reduction and disaster management. Relying on a conceptual and theoretical inquiry informed by the concepts of autocratic legalism and tailor-made laws, this case study argues that countries characterized by competitive authoritarianism are less effective in managing disasters, because they abuse state institutions for partisan goals, create disparities in access to public resources, and diminish accountability mechanisms. The elimination of democracy as a guiding principle in public-sector management is proving ever more disastrous as details concerning the response to the earthquake emerge. This analysis offers lessons and insights regarding the strategies that were used to sideline the bureaucracy and oversight processes.Keywords: Public administrationcorruptiondisaster managementautocratizationcase study Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The three largest mass trials of the period include the Ergenekon trials (2008–2016) targeting opposition lawyers, politicians, academics, journalists, and military officers; the Sledgehammer (Turkish: Balyoz) trial (2010–2012) targeting secular military officers; and KCK (Kurdish: Koma Civakên Kurdistanê) trials (2009–2012) targeting Kurdish politicians, journalists, and activists. Over the course of those years, under Ergenekon over 500 tried, 275 convicted; under Sledhehammer over 350 tried, 300 convicted; under KCK over 1500 tried. The trials were repeatedly condemned as unjust and politically motivated. See for example Filkins, Citation2013; Jenkins, Citation2019; Zanotti & Thomas, Citation2023.2 By July 2013, 50 people including several representatives of the Chamber of Architects and Engineers (TMMOB) were detained. The Gezi trial would go on to continue over several convoluted political prosecutions for years, until lengthy sentences were handed out in 2022. For example, architect Mücella Yapıcı, the secretary general of the Environmental Impact Assessment Department of the TMMOB, alongside many others, is currently serving an 18-year sentence. Philanthropist Osman Kavala, accused of aiding and funding the protest, spent more than 4 years in prison without being convicted and later sentenced to life in prison without parole for charges related to the coup attempt. The Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED), Freedom House, PEN America, and Reporters Without Borders (RSF) referred to the Gezi Park verdicts as a “travesty of justice” in their joint statement (see Freedom House (2022, April 26). Turkey’s Gezi Trial Verdict a Travesty of Justice. Joint statement with the Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED), PEN America, and Reporters Without Borders (RSF). https://freedomhouse.org/article/turkeys-gezi-trial-verdict-travesty-justice).
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来源期刊
Public Integrity
Public Integrity PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION-
CiteScore
2.30
自引率
50.00%
发文量
85
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