Operation of the stand-alone electrical system based on optimal energy management

This paper focuses on optimizing the energy of a stand-alone energy grid by incorporating energy storages and demand side participation. The increasing popularity of energy storage systems and demand side participation is mainly attributed to their advantages, such as the ease of distribution in electrical networks and operational flexibility during critical periods. The main objective functions of the model involve optimizing the stand-alone electrical grid by maximizing efficiency and minimizing energy costs. The efficiency is modelled by energy not supplied. The costs of energy consumption are represented by the fuel costs consumed by resources. To encourage consumers to reduce their demand during peak times, an incentive approach is suggested for their participation. Additionally, a hydrogen storage system is operated in the stand-alone energy grid to enhance the primary objectives. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is utilized to optimize energy usage and solve objective functions. Numerical simulations are conducted in two case studies to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of energy optimization when incorporating storage system and consumers. The case studies based on non-participation and participation of the storage system and consumers in the energy management are implemented. With participation of the storage system and consumers, efficiency and energy costs are improved by 3% and 29.8% than non-participation of them.