智力中的听觉和嗅觉复制:超越文字的大脑和思想修正

IF 0.4 Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Davide Bellomo
{"title":"智力中的听觉和嗅觉复制:超越文字的大脑和思想修正","authors":"Davide Bellomo","doi":"10.1080/08850607.2023.2257553","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"AbstractFor those who command the machine, regulate the satellite, or handle operations in the field, everything depends on the brain, on the human being. According to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the sixth domain where conflict will occur and peace will have to be managed is the cognitive one, made official in 2021. It becomes the most important of all. In the end, the match will be won by whoever will have practitioners, analysts, or those deployed in the field with the best brain. Experiments are being carried out in some countries where the human brain gets physically connected to the machine so that the machine can learn how the human brain works. However, a machine will learn from that person’s brain, with all their limitations, biases, and fears, therefore already having numerous flaws in its system, without considering the ethical disputableness of this kind of thing. There is a way to win in the sixth domain: enhancing the intelligence practitioners’ capabilities, which is doable thanks to the latest studies and techniques developed. It is, therefore, possible, without medicines, drugs, or electrical and electronic equipment, to augment the mental capability and plasticity of those who will have to win these challenges. Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Bernard Claverie, Baptiste Prébot, Norbou Buchler, and François Du Cluzel, “Cognitive Warfare,” in First NATO Scientific Meeting on Cognitive Warfare (Bordeaux: NATO-STO Collaboration Support Office, with the support of NATO-ACT Innovation Hub, Bordeaux ENSC, the French Armed Forces Joint Staff and the Region Nouvelle Aquitaine, 2021).2 Ibid.3 Daniel J. Siegel, La mente relazionale: Neurobiologia dell’esperienza interpersonale [The Relational Mind: Neurobiology of the Interpersonal Experience] (Milan: Raffello Cortina Editore, 2013).4 Sabrina Magris, Perla Di Gioia, Ilaria Lamonato, Livia Stefania Mihalache, and Davide Bellomo, “To Have Alternatives, You Must Be Able to Think of Them,” The Journal of the Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence, Vol. 28, No. 2–3 (2020), pp. 68–82.5 The physiological bias is the elaboration of internal or external information aimed to cover up what is missed of the real information. The brain creates an ostensible version of what happens—based on the information it has already stored, without codifying new information—because it does not have the reality of what happens. At the neural level, it indicates the deficiency of substances that enable the connections between the parts of the brain involved, causing the noncodification of the information received. Davide Bellomo, What Is Biased Can Be Unbiased: The Neurological Process of Identification and Elimination of Biases Held by Professionals and Victims. Study Conducted Using Subject’s Brain Mapping to Evaluate Biases Caused by Trauma, Culture or Education. Poster presentation, End Violence Against Women International Conference (Chicago, IL, USA, 3–5 April 2018).6 Ariel Rokem and Merav Ahissar, “Interactions of Cognitive and Auditory Abilities in Congenitally Blind Individuals,” Neuropsychologia, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2009), pp. 843–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.0177 Ibid.8 Giacomo Rizzolatti, Luciano Fadiga, Vittorio Gallese, and Leonardo Fogassi, “Premotor Cortex and the Recognition of Motor Actions,” Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1996), pp. 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0; Giacomo Rizzolatti and Laila Craighero, “The Mirror-Neuron System,” Annual Review of Neuroscience, Vol. 27, No.1 (2004), pp. 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.1442309 Wayne L. Silver and Thomas E. Finger, “The Anatomical and Electrophysiological Basis of Peripheral Nasal Trigeminal Chemoreception,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1170 (2009), pp. 202–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03894.x10 Christopher S. Von Bartheld, “The Terminal Nerve and Its Relation with Extrabulbar ‘Olfactory’ Projections: Lessons from Lampreys and Lungfishes,” Microscopy Research and Technique, Vol. 65, No. 1–2 (2004), pp. 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20095. PMID: 1557059211 Wolfgang Klimesch, “The Frequency Architecture of Brain and Brain Body Oscillations: An Analysis,” European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 48 (2018), pp. 2431–2453. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14192; Joshua H. Balsters, Ian H. Robertson, and Vince D. Calhoun, “BOLD Frequency Power Indexes Working Memory Performance,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00207; Charles J. Wysocki and George Preti, “Facts, Fallacies, Fears, and Frustrations with the Human Pheromones,” The Anatomical Record Part A, Vol. 281 (2004), pp. 1201–1211. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.2012512 Siegel, La mente relazionale.13 Mnemonic techniques, binocular techniques, and techniques related to synaptic reopening.14 Luigi Anolli and Paolo Legrenzi, Psicologia Generale [General Psychology] (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2001).15 “Design means how a place, the place where a subject is, modifies the behavior of the subject.” Further, “Design is transformed into design of the lie which is based on the inference that exists between places, objects, words and images, on how the individual modifies his behavior based on the places where he enters and/or is immersed.” Sabrina Magris, La svolta apicale: Come cambiare la mentalità e aumentare le capacità di leadership [The Apical Turn: How to Change Mentality and Augment Leadership Skills] (Castelfranco Veneto: Panda Edizioni, 2022).16 It has been demonstrated that sight is not the organ that was believed to be for decades. Sight is deceiving. Where the brain does not see, it invents, whereas the auditory and olfactory organs have a lower error rate.17 Davide Bellomo, “Presentation of Research Results,” Class at École Universitaire Internationale, Rome, Italy, March 2022.18 Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859).19 World Health Organization, World Health Statistics Report (2021).20 Gaetano Kanizsa, “Margini quasi-percettivi in campi con stimolazione omogenea” [Quasi-Perceptual Margins in Homogeneously Stimulated Fields], Rivista di Psicologia [Journal of Psychology], Vol. 49, No. 1 (1955), pp. 7–30; Gaetano Kanizsa and Walter Gerbino, “Amodal Completion: Seeing or Thinking?,” in Organization and Representation in Perception, edited by J. Beck (Erlbaum, 1982), pp. 167–190.21 Kenneth N. Stevens and Sheila Ellen Blumstein, “Invariant Cues for Place of Articulation in Stop Consonants,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 64, No. 5 (1978), pp. 1358–1368. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.382102; Kenneth N. Stevens, “Acoustics and Synthesis of Fricative Consonants,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 86, No. 47 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2027523; Kenneth N. Stevens, “Toward a Model for Lexical Access Based on Acoustic Landmarks and Distinctive Features,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 111, No. 4 (2002), pp. 1872–1891. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.145802622 Robert P. Carlyon, John M. Deeks, Dennins G. Norris, and Sally Butterfield, “The Continuity Illusion and Vowel Identification,” Acta Acustica United with Acustica, Vol. 88 (2022), pp. 408–415.23 Sabrina Magris, La svolta apicale: Come cambiare la mentalità e aumentare le capacità di leadership [The Apical Turn: How to Change Mentality and Augment Leadership Skills] (Castelfranco Veneto: Panda Edizioni, 2022).24 Melissa R. Stauble, Laura A. Thompson, and Gin Morgan, “Increases in Cortisol are Positively Associated with Gains in Encoding and Maintenance Working Memory Performance in Young Men,” Stress, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2013), pp. 402–410. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2013.780236; Sandra Ackermann, Francina Hartmann, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Dominique J. F. de Quervain, and Björn Rasch, “Associations between Basal Cortisol Levels and Memory Retrieval in Healthy Young Individuals,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 25, No. 11 (2013), pp. 1896–1907. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_0044025 Taylor, Dluhy and Williams, “Beta-Endorphin Suppresses Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol Levels in Normal Human Subjects,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 57, No. 3 (1983), pp. 592–596. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-3-59226 Harvard University, “Endrophines: The Brain’s Natural Pain Reliever” (Harvard Health Publishing, July 2021), https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/endorphins-the-brains-natural-pain-relieverAlexander Pilozzi, Caitlin Carro, and Xudong Huang, “Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2201033827 Induction of Phantosmia (olfactory induction).28 Joshua M. Tybur, Debra Lieberman, Robert Kurzban, and Peter DeScioli, “Disgust: Evolved Function and Structure,” Psychological Review, Vol. 120, No. 1 (2013), pp. 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a003077829 Zhijian Zhang, Qing Liu, Pengjie Wen, Jiaozhen Zhang, Xiaoping Rao, Ziming Zhou, Hongruo Zhang, et al., “Activation of the Dopaminergic Pathway from VTA to the Medial Olfactory Tubercle Generates Odor-Preference and Reward,” eLife, Vol. 6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25423; Shelly B. Flagel, Jeremy J. Clark, Terry E. Robinson, Leah Mayo, Alayna Czuj, Ingo Willuhn, Christina A. Akers, Sarah M. Clinton, Paul E. M. Phillips, and Huda Akil, “A Selective Role for Dopamine in Stimulus–Reward Learning,” Nature, Vol. 469 (2011), pp. 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0958830 David E. Linden, “How Psychotherapy Changes the Brain—The Contribution of Functional Neuroimaging,” Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 11 No. 6 (2006), pp. 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001816; Karlsson Hasse, “How Psychotherapy Changes the Brain,” Psychiatric Times, Vol. 28, No. 8 (2011).31 The first studies related to Linguistic Intelligence and to eight types of intelligence related to the brain were published in 1983 in the work-study by Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983).32 Psych Evolving is a composite method that permits one to augment the capabilities of the human being with specific purpose for intelligence practitioners; it is a method that has been tested on 1,000 subjects subdivided among psychological method, neurophysiological method, and combined method with the purpose of having a comprehensive scientific assessment. Thus, Psych Evolving is a theory that combines the latest medical–academic findings along with the recent discoveries in the field of neuropsychology, analyzing issues and providing solutions applied to intelligence and having roots in human enhancement (here considered as mental human enhancement, and—in order to avoid critics—without the use of meds or drugs). Within the Psych Evolving framework, a dedicated protocol has been developed and it is already used by some Western intelligence agencies, army special forces, and police special units. Davide Bellomo, Psych Evolving Method (Rome: École Universitaire Internationale, 2014).33 Boian S. Alexandrov, Vladimir Gelev, Alan R. Bishop, Anny Usheva, and Kim Ø. Rasmussen, “DNA Breathing Dynamics in the Presence of a Terahertz Field,” Physics Letters A, Vol. 374, No. 10 (2009): 1214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2009.12.07734 Ibid.35 Video: Illusion of the Charlie Chaplin Mask (public source: https://youtu.be/JLgXTzbZpDQ). This astounding illusion was first described by Richard Gregory, a pioneer of cognitive psychology. Much of his scientific work involved the development and interpretation of visual illusions, which he used as a tool to work out the perceptual mechanisms involved in the way the visual world is normally perceived; Michael Spivey, Daniel Richardson, and Rick Dale, “The Movement of Eye and Hand as a Window into Language and Cognition,” in Oxford Handbook of Human Action, edited by E. Morsella, J. A. Bargh, and P. M. Gollwitzer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 225–249.36 Timothy J. Buschman and Earl K. Miller, “Goal-Direction and Top-Down Control,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 369, No. 1655 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.047137 These are some of the actions that can be accomplished using auditory copying.38 Harry McGurk and John MacDonald, “Hearing Lips and Seeing voices,” Nature, Vol. 264 (1976), pp. 746–748; John MacDonald and Harry McGurk, “Visual Influences on Speech Perception Processes,” Perception & Psychophysics, Vol. 24, No. 3 (1978), pp. 253–257. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF0320609639 Davide Bellomo and Sabrina Magris, Psych Evolving Method and Protocol (Rome: École Universitaire Internationale, 2017).40 Davide Bellomo and Stefania Livia Mihalache, “The Importance of Intelligence Training: The New Frontiers: Using Neuroscience, Medicine, and Psychology to Augment the Cerebral-Cognitive Capabilities of Intelligence Practitioners,” Journal of European and American Intelligence Studies, Vol. 6, No.1 (2023), pp. 81–99.Additional informationNotes on contributorsDavide BellomoDavide Bellomo, Ph.D., is a former training advisor for United Nations Peace Support Operations. He is a Professor in operational intelligence, counterterrorism, hostage negotiation, psychological operations, and neuropsychology. He produced several operational manuals for various intelligence agencies in neuroscience, cognitive warfare, and human enhancement. The author can be contacted at edmondbischero@gmail.com.","PeriodicalId":45249,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Auditory and Olfactory Copying in Intelligence: Brain and Thought Modifications Beyond the Word\",\"authors\":\"Davide Bellomo\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/08850607.2023.2257553\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"AbstractFor those who command the machine, regulate the satellite, or handle operations in the field, everything depends on the brain, on the human being. According to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the sixth domain where conflict will occur and peace will have to be managed is the cognitive one, made official in 2021. It becomes the most important of all. In the end, the match will be won by whoever will have practitioners, analysts, or those deployed in the field with the best brain. Experiments are being carried out in some countries where the human brain gets physically connected to the machine so that the machine can learn how the human brain works. However, a machine will learn from that person’s brain, with all their limitations, biases, and fears, therefore already having numerous flaws in its system, without considering the ethical disputableness of this kind of thing. There is a way to win in the sixth domain: enhancing the intelligence practitioners’ capabilities, which is doable thanks to the latest studies and techniques developed. It is, therefore, possible, without medicines, drugs, or electrical and electronic equipment, to augment the mental capability and plasticity of those who will have to win these challenges. Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Bernard Claverie, Baptiste Prébot, Norbou Buchler, and François Du Cluzel, “Cognitive Warfare,” in First NATO Scientific Meeting on Cognitive Warfare (Bordeaux: NATO-STO Collaboration Support Office, with the support of NATO-ACT Innovation Hub, Bordeaux ENSC, the French Armed Forces Joint Staff and the Region Nouvelle Aquitaine, 2021).2 Ibid.3 Daniel J. Siegel, La mente relazionale: Neurobiologia dell’esperienza interpersonale [The Relational Mind: Neurobiology of the Interpersonal Experience] (Milan: Raffello Cortina Editore, 2013).4 Sabrina Magris, Perla Di Gioia, Ilaria Lamonato, Livia Stefania Mihalache, and Davide Bellomo, “To Have Alternatives, You Must Be Able to Think of Them,” The Journal of the Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence, Vol. 28, No. 2–3 (2020), pp. 68–82.5 The physiological bias is the elaboration of internal or external information aimed to cover up what is missed of the real information. The brain creates an ostensible version of what happens—based on the information it has already stored, without codifying new information—because it does not have the reality of what happens. At the neural level, it indicates the deficiency of substances that enable the connections between the parts of the brain involved, causing the noncodification of the information received. Davide Bellomo, What Is Biased Can Be Unbiased: The Neurological Process of Identification and Elimination of Biases Held by Professionals and Victims. Study Conducted Using Subject’s Brain Mapping to Evaluate Biases Caused by Trauma, Culture or Education. Poster presentation, End Violence Against Women International Conference (Chicago, IL, USA, 3–5 April 2018).6 Ariel Rokem and Merav Ahissar, “Interactions of Cognitive and Auditory Abilities in Congenitally Blind Individuals,” Neuropsychologia, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2009), pp. 843–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.0177 Ibid.8 Giacomo Rizzolatti, Luciano Fadiga, Vittorio Gallese, and Leonardo Fogassi, “Premotor Cortex and the Recognition of Motor Actions,” Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1996), pp. 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0; Giacomo Rizzolatti and Laila Craighero, “The Mirror-Neuron System,” Annual Review of Neuroscience, Vol. 27, No.1 (2004), pp. 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.1442309 Wayne L. Silver and Thomas E. Finger, “The Anatomical and Electrophysiological Basis of Peripheral Nasal Trigeminal Chemoreception,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1170 (2009), pp. 202–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03894.x10 Christopher S. Von Bartheld, “The Terminal Nerve and Its Relation with Extrabulbar ‘Olfactory’ Projections: Lessons from Lampreys and Lungfishes,” Microscopy Research and Technique, Vol. 65, No. 1–2 (2004), pp. 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20095. PMID: 1557059211 Wolfgang Klimesch, “The Frequency Architecture of Brain and Brain Body Oscillations: An Analysis,” European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 48 (2018), pp. 2431–2453. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14192; Joshua H. Balsters, Ian H. Robertson, and Vince D. Calhoun, “BOLD Frequency Power Indexes Working Memory Performance,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00207; Charles J. Wysocki and George Preti, “Facts, Fallacies, Fears, and Frustrations with the Human Pheromones,” The Anatomical Record Part A, Vol. 281 (2004), pp. 1201–1211. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.2012512 Siegel, La mente relazionale.13 Mnemonic techniques, binocular techniques, and techniques related to synaptic reopening.14 Luigi Anolli and Paolo Legrenzi, Psicologia Generale [General Psychology] (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2001).15 “Design means how a place, the place where a subject is, modifies the behavior of the subject.” Further, “Design is transformed into design of the lie which is based on the inference that exists between places, objects, words and images, on how the individual modifies his behavior based on the places where he enters and/or is immersed.” Sabrina Magris, La svolta apicale: Come cambiare la mentalità e aumentare le capacità di leadership [The Apical Turn: How to Change Mentality and Augment Leadership Skills] (Castelfranco Veneto: Panda Edizioni, 2022).16 It has been demonstrated that sight is not the organ that was believed to be for decades. Sight is deceiving. Where the brain does not see, it invents, whereas the auditory and olfactory organs have a lower error rate.17 Davide Bellomo, “Presentation of Research Results,” Class at École Universitaire Internationale, Rome, Italy, March 2022.18 Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859).19 World Health Organization, World Health Statistics Report (2021).20 Gaetano Kanizsa, “Margini quasi-percettivi in campi con stimolazione omogenea” [Quasi-Perceptual Margins in Homogeneously Stimulated Fields], Rivista di Psicologia [Journal of Psychology], Vol. 49, No. 1 (1955), pp. 7–30; Gaetano Kanizsa and Walter Gerbino, “Amodal Completion: Seeing or Thinking?,” in Organization and Representation in Perception, edited by J. Beck (Erlbaum, 1982), pp. 167–190.21 Kenneth N. Stevens and Sheila Ellen Blumstein, “Invariant Cues for Place of Articulation in Stop Consonants,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 64, No. 5 (1978), pp. 1358–1368. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.382102; Kenneth N. Stevens, “Acoustics and Synthesis of Fricative Consonants,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 86, No. 47 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2027523; Kenneth N. Stevens, “Toward a Model for Lexical Access Based on Acoustic Landmarks and Distinctive Features,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 111, No. 4 (2002), pp. 1872–1891. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.145802622 Robert P. Carlyon, John M. Deeks, Dennins G. Norris, and Sally Butterfield, “The Continuity Illusion and Vowel Identification,” Acta Acustica United with Acustica, Vol. 88 (2022), pp. 408–415.23 Sabrina Magris, La svolta apicale: Come cambiare la mentalità e aumentare le capacità di leadership [The Apical Turn: How to Change Mentality and Augment Leadership Skills] (Castelfranco Veneto: Panda Edizioni, 2022).24 Melissa R. Stauble, Laura A. Thompson, and Gin Morgan, “Increases in Cortisol are Positively Associated with Gains in Encoding and Maintenance Working Memory Performance in Young Men,” Stress, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2013), pp. 402–410. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2013.780236; Sandra Ackermann, Francina Hartmann, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Dominique J. F. de Quervain, and Björn Rasch, “Associations between Basal Cortisol Levels and Memory Retrieval in Healthy Young Individuals,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 25, No. 11 (2013), pp. 1896–1907. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_0044025 Taylor, Dluhy and Williams, “Beta-Endorphin Suppresses Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol Levels in Normal Human Subjects,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 57, No. 3 (1983), pp. 592–596. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-3-59226 Harvard University, “Endrophines: The Brain’s Natural Pain Reliever” (Harvard Health Publishing, July 2021), https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/endorphins-the-brains-natural-pain-relieverAlexander Pilozzi, Caitlin Carro, and Xudong Huang, “Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2201033827 Induction of Phantosmia (olfactory induction).28 Joshua M. Tybur, Debra Lieberman, Robert Kurzban, and Peter DeScioli, “Disgust: Evolved Function and Structure,” Psychological Review, Vol. 120, No. 1 (2013), pp. 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a003077829 Zhijian Zhang, Qing Liu, Pengjie Wen, Jiaozhen Zhang, Xiaoping Rao, Ziming Zhou, Hongruo Zhang, et al., “Activation of the Dopaminergic Pathway from VTA to the Medial Olfactory Tubercle Generates Odor-Preference and Reward,” eLife, Vol. 6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25423; Shelly B. Flagel, Jeremy J. Clark, Terry E. Robinson, Leah Mayo, Alayna Czuj, Ingo Willuhn, Christina A. Akers, Sarah M. Clinton, Paul E. M. Phillips, and Huda Akil, “A Selective Role for Dopamine in Stimulus–Reward Learning,” Nature, Vol. 469 (2011), pp. 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0958830 David E. Linden, “How Psychotherapy Changes the Brain—The Contribution of Functional Neuroimaging,” Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 11 No. 6 (2006), pp. 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001816; Karlsson Hasse, “How Psychotherapy Changes the Brain,” Psychiatric Times, Vol. 28, No. 8 (2011).31 The first studies related to Linguistic Intelligence and to eight types of intelligence related to the brain were published in 1983 in the work-study by Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983).32 Psych Evolving is a composite method that permits one to augment the capabilities of the human being with specific purpose for intelligence practitioners; it is a method that has been tested on 1,000 subjects subdivided among psychological method, neurophysiological method, and combined method with the purpose of having a comprehensive scientific assessment. Thus, Psych Evolving is a theory that combines the latest medical–academic findings along with the recent discoveries in the field of neuropsychology, analyzing issues and providing solutions applied to intelligence and having roots in human enhancement (here considered as mental human enhancement, and—in order to avoid critics—without the use of meds or drugs). Within the Psych Evolving framework, a dedicated protocol has been developed and it is already used by some Western intelligence agencies, army special forces, and police special units. Davide Bellomo, Psych Evolving Method (Rome: École Universitaire Internationale, 2014).33 Boian S. Alexandrov, Vladimir Gelev, Alan R. Bishop, Anny Usheva, and Kim Ø. Rasmussen, “DNA Breathing Dynamics in the Presence of a Terahertz Field,” Physics Letters A, Vol. 374, No. 10 (2009): 1214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2009.12.07734 Ibid.35 Video: Illusion of the Charlie Chaplin Mask (public source: https://youtu.be/JLgXTzbZpDQ). This astounding illusion was first described by Richard Gregory, a pioneer of cognitive psychology. Much of his scientific work involved the development and interpretation of visual illusions, which he used as a tool to work out the perceptual mechanisms involved in the way the visual world is normally perceived; Michael Spivey, Daniel Richardson, and Rick Dale, “The Movement of Eye and Hand as a Window into Language and Cognition,” in Oxford Handbook of Human Action, edited by E. Morsella, J. A. Bargh, and P. M. Gollwitzer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 225–249.36 Timothy J. Buschman and Earl K. Miller, “Goal-Direction and Top-Down Control,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 369, No. 1655 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.047137 These are some of the actions that can be accomplished using auditory copying.38 Harry McGurk and John MacDonald, “Hearing Lips and Seeing voices,” Nature, Vol. 264 (1976), pp. 746–748; John MacDonald and Harry McGurk, “Visual Influences on Speech Perception Processes,” Perception & Psychophysics, Vol. 24, No. 3 (1978), pp. 253–257. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF0320609639 Davide Bellomo and Sabrina Magris, Psych Evolving Method and Protocol (Rome: École Universitaire Internationale, 2017).40 Davide Bellomo and Stefania Livia Mihalache, “The Importance of Intelligence Training: The New Frontiers: Using Neuroscience, Medicine, and Psychology to Augment the Cerebral-Cognitive Capabilities of Intelligence Practitioners,” Journal of European and American Intelligence Studies, Vol. 6, No.1 (2023), pp. 81–99.Additional informationNotes on contributorsDavide BellomoDavide Bellomo, Ph.D., is a former training advisor for United Nations Peace Support Operations. He is a Professor in operational intelligence, counterterrorism, hostage negotiation, psychological operations, and neuropsychology. He produced several operational manuals for various intelligence agencies in neuroscience, cognitive warfare, and human enhancement. 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摘要

摘要对于那些指挥机器、调节卫星或处理野外作业的人来说,一切都取决于大脑,取决于人。根据北大西洋公约组织(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)的说法,2021年正式确定的第六个将发生冲突并必须管理和平的领域是认知领域。它成为最重要的。最终,谁拥有从业者、分析师,谁在该领域拥有最聪明的头脑,谁就能赢得这场比赛。一些国家正在进行实验,将人脑与机器物理连接起来,这样机器就可以学习人脑的工作原理。然而,机器将从人的大脑中学习,尽管有局限性、偏见和恐惧,因此它的系统已经有了许多缺陷,而不考虑这种事情的伦理争议。在第六领域取胜的方法是:提高情报从业者的能力,这是可行的,这得益于最新的研究和技术的发展。因此,不需要药物、药物或电子电气设备,就有可能增强那些必须赢得这些挑战的人的心智能力和可塑性。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1 Bernard Claverie, Baptiste pracimbot, Norbou Buchler和franois Du Cluzel,“认知战”,在第一次北约认知战科学会议上(波尔多:北约- sto协作支持办公室,在北约- act创新中心,波尔多ENSC,法国武装部队联合参谋部和新阿基坦地区的支持下,2021)4 . Daniel J. Siegel, La mente relazionale: Neurobiologia dell 'esperienza interpersonale[关系思维:人际体验的神经生物学](米兰:Raffello Cortina Editore, 2013)Sabrina Magris, Perla Di Gioia, Ilaria Lamonato, Livia Stefania Mihalache和Davide Bellomo,“要有替代方案,你必须能够想到它们”,《澳大利亚专业情报研究所杂志》,第28卷,第2-3期(2020年),第68-82.5页生理偏见是对内部或外部信息的阐述,旨在掩盖真实信息中遗漏的内容。大脑根据它已经储存的信息创造了一个表面上的版本,而没有编纂新的信息——因为它不知道发生了什么。在神经层面上,它表明缺乏能够连接大脑相关部分的物质,导致接收到的信息不编码。大卫·贝洛莫,有偏见的东西可以是无偏见的:识别和消除专业人员和受害者持有的偏见的神经学过程。利用受试者的大脑映射来评估创伤、文化或教育造成的偏见。5 . 2018年4月3日至5日,美国芝加哥,“制止对妇女的暴力行为国际会议”海报展示Ariel Rokem和Merav Ahissar,“先天失明个体的认知和听觉能力的相互作用”,《神经心理学》,Vol. 47, No. 3 (2009), pp. 843-848。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.0177同上8 Giacomo Rizzolatti, Luciano Fadiga, Vittorio Gallese和Leonardo Fogassi,“前运动皮层和运动动作的识别”,《大脑研究》。认知脑研究,第3卷,第2期(1996),第131-141页。https://doi.org/10.1016/0926 - 6410 (95) 00038 - 0;Giacomo Rizzolatti和Laila Craighero,“镜像神经元系统”,《神经科学年鉴》,第27卷,第1期(2004),第169-192页。https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.1442309 Wayne L. Silver和Thomas E. Finger,“外周鼻三叉神经化学感受的解剖和电生理基础”,《纽约科学院年鉴》,Vol. 1170 (2009), pp. 202-205。https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03894.x10 Christopher S. Von Bartheld,“末梢神经及其与球外“嗅觉”投射的关系:来自七鳃鳗和肺鱼的经验”,《显微镜研究与技术》,第65卷,第1-2期(2004),第13-24页。https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20095。Wolfgang Klimesch,“大脑和脑体振荡的频率架构:分析”,欧洲神经科学杂志,Vol. 48 (2018), pp. 2431-2453。https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14192;Joshua H. Balsters, Ian H. Robertson和Vince D. Calhoun,“BOLD频率功率指数工作记忆性能”,《人类神经科学前沿》,第7卷(2013)。https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00207;Charles J. Wysocki和George Preti,“人类信息素的事实、谬误、恐惧和挫折”,《解剖记录》A卷281(2004),第1201-1211页。https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.2012512西格尔,《关系之门》记忆技术,双眼技术,以及与突触重新开放相关的技术。 [14]卢吉·阿诺里和保罗·勒格伦兹,《普通心理学》(博洛尼亚:大众心理学,2001).15“设计意味着一个地方,一个主体所在的地方,如何改变主体的行为。”此外,“设计被转化为谎言的设计,谎言的设计基于存在于地点、物体、文字和图像之间的推理,基于个人如何根据他进入和/或沉浸的地方修改他的行为。”萨布丽娜·马格里斯,La svolta apicale: Come cambiare La mentalitcome aumentare le capacitcomdi leadership[顶点转向:如何改变心态和增强领导技能](Castelfranco Veneto: Panda edition, 2022)几十年来,人们一直认为视力是一种器官,但事实证明视力并不是这种器官。眼见是骗人的。大脑看不见的地方,它就发明,而听觉和嗅觉器官的错误率较低19 .大卫·贝洛莫,“研究成果的介绍”,École国际大学课堂,意大利罗马,2022.18年3月。查尔斯·达尔文,自然选择的进化论(1859)20 .世界卫生组织,《世界卫生统计报告》(2021年)Gaetano Kanizsa,“Margini quasi- perceptivi in campi con stimulmolazione omogenea”[准知觉边缘在均匀刺激场],Rivista di Psicologia[心理学杂志],卷49,第1期(1955),第7-30页;Gaetano Kanizsa和Walter Gerbino,《情态完成:看见还是思考?》Kenneth N. Stevens和Sheila Ellen Blumstein,“顿音发音位置的不变线索”,《美国声学学会杂志》,第64卷,第5期(1978),第1358-1368页。https://doi.org/10.1121/1.382102;Kenneth N. Stevens,“摩擦音辅音的声学与合成”,《美国声学学会杂志》,第86卷,第47期(1989)。https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2027523;Kenneth N. Stevens,“基于声学地标和特征的词汇获取模型”,《美国声学学会杂志》,第111卷,第4期(2002),第1872-1891页。https://doi.org/10.1121/1.145802622 Robert P. Carlyon, John M. Deeks, Dennins G. Norris和Sally Butterfield,“连续错觉和元音识别”,Acta Acustica United with Acustica, Vol. 88 (2022), pp. 408-415.23 Sabrina Magris, La svolta apicale: Come cambiare La mentalitcome aumentare le capacitcomdi leadership[顶点转向:如何改变心态和增强领导技能](Castelfranco Veneto: Panda Edizioni, 2022).24Melissa R. Stauble, Laura A. Thompson和Gin Morgan,“皮质醇的增加与年轻男性编码和维持工作记忆表现的增益呈正相关”,《压力》,第16卷,第4期(2013),第402-410页。https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2013.780236;Sandra Ackermann, Francina Hartmann, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Dominique J. F. de Quervain, Björn Rasch,“健康年轻人基础皮质醇水平与记忆恢复的关系”,《认知神经科学杂志》,Vol. 25, No. 11 (2013), pp. 1896-1907。https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_0044025 Taylor, dulhy和Williams,“β -内啡肽抑制正常人类受试者的促肾上腺皮质激素和皮质醇水平”,《临床内分泌学与代谢杂志》,卷57,第3期(1983),第592-596页。https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-3-59226哈佛大学,“内啡肽:大脑的天然止痛药”(哈佛健康出版社,2021年7月),https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/endorphins-the-brains-natural-pain-relieverAlexander Pilozzi, Caitlin Carro, and Xudong Huang,“β-内啡肽在压力,行为,神经炎症和脑能量代谢中的作用”,国际分子科学杂志,Vol. 22, No. 1(2021)。https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2201033827幻视的诱导(嗅觉诱导).28Joshua M. Tybur, Debra Lieberman, Robert Kurzban和Peter DeScioli,“厌恶:进化的功能和结构”,《心理学评论》,第120卷,第1期(2013),第65-84页。https://doi.org/10.1037/a003077829张志健,刘庆,温鹏杰,张交珍,饶小平,周子明,张宏若,“VTA -内侧嗅结节多巴胺能通路的激活产生气味偏好和奖励”,电子生活,Vol. 6(2017)。https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25423;Shelly B. Flagel, Jeremy J. Clark, Terry E. Robinson, Leah Mayo, Alayna Czuj, Ingo Willuhn, Christina A. Akers, Sarah M. Clinton, Paul E. M. Phillips和Huda Akil,“多巴胺在刺激-奖励学习中的选择性作用”,Nature, Vol. 469(2011),第53-57页。https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0958830 David E. Linden,“心理治疗如何改变大脑——功能性神经成像的贡献”,分子精神病学,Vol. 11 No. 6 (2006), pp. 528-538。https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp。 4001816;Karlsson Hasse,“心理治疗如何改变大脑”,《精神病学时代》,第28卷,第8期(2011),31页第一个与语言智能和八种与大脑相关的智能相关的研究发表在1983年Howard Gardner的勤工俭学著作《心智框架:多元智能理论》(纽约:Basic Books, 1983)中心理进化是一种复合方法,允许一个人增加人类的能力与特定目的的情报从业者;这是一种以1000名对象为对象进行实验的方法,分为心理学方法、神经生理学方法、综合方法等,目的是进行全面的科学评价。因此,心理进化是一种理论,结合了最新的医学学术发现和神经心理学领域的最新发现,分析问题并提供适用于智力的解决方案,并植根于人类的增强(这里被认为是人类的精神增强,为了避免批评,不使用药物或药物)。在心理进化框架内,一个专门的协议已经被开发出来,并且已经被一些西方情报机构、陆军特种部队和警察特种部队使用。Davide Bellomo,心理进化方法(罗马:École国际大学,2014).33Boian S. Alexandrov, Vladimir Gelev, Alan R. Bishop, Anny Usheva和Kim Ø。Rasmussen,“DNA呼吸动力学在太赫兹场的存在,”物理通讯a卷374,第10期(2009):1214,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2009.12.07734同上35视频:查理·卓别林面具的错觉(公共来源:https://youtu.be/JLgXTzbZpDQ)。认知心理学的先驱理查德·格雷戈里首先描述了这种惊人的错觉。他的大部分科学工作都涉及视觉错觉的发展和解释,他把视觉错觉作为一种工具来研究视觉世界通常被感知的感知机制;Michael Spivey, Daniel Richardson和Rick Dale,“眼和手的运动作为语言和认知的窗口”,《牛津人类行为手册》,由E. Morsella, J. a . Bargh和P. M. Gollwitzer编辑(牛津:牛津大学出版社,2009),第225-249.36页。Timothy J. Buschman和Earl K. Miller,“目标方向和自上而下的控制”,伦敦皇家学会哲学学报。《生物科学》B辑,第369卷第1655期(2014)。https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.047137这些是一些可以用听觉模仿来完成的动作哈里·麦格克和约翰·麦克唐纳,《听嘴唇和看声音》,《自然》,第264卷(1976),第746-748页;John MacDonald和Harry McGurk,“视觉对言语感知过程的影响”,《感知与心理物理学》,第24卷,第3期(1978),第253-257页。https://doi.org/10.3758/BF0320609639 Davide Bellomo和Sabrina Magris,心理进化方法和协议(罗马:École国际大学,2017).40Davide Bellomo和Stefania Livia Mihalache,“智力训练的重要性:新领域:利用神经科学、医学和心理学来增强智力从业者的大脑认知能力”,《欧美情报研究杂志》,第6卷,第1期(2023),第81-99页。关于捐助者的说明戴维德·贝洛莫博士戴维德·贝洛莫是联合国和平支助行动的前培训顾问。他是作战情报、反恐、人质谈判、心理战和神经心理学方面的教授。他为不同的情报机构制作了几本操作手册,内容涉及神经科学、认知战和人类增强。可以通过edmondbischero@gmail.com与作者联系。
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Auditory and Olfactory Copying in Intelligence: Brain and Thought Modifications Beyond the Word
AbstractFor those who command the machine, regulate the satellite, or handle operations in the field, everything depends on the brain, on the human being. According to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the sixth domain where conflict will occur and peace will have to be managed is the cognitive one, made official in 2021. It becomes the most important of all. In the end, the match will be won by whoever will have practitioners, analysts, or those deployed in the field with the best brain. Experiments are being carried out in some countries where the human brain gets physically connected to the machine so that the machine can learn how the human brain works. However, a machine will learn from that person’s brain, with all their limitations, biases, and fears, therefore already having numerous flaws in its system, without considering the ethical disputableness of this kind of thing. There is a way to win in the sixth domain: enhancing the intelligence practitioners’ capabilities, which is doable thanks to the latest studies and techniques developed. It is, therefore, possible, without medicines, drugs, or electrical and electronic equipment, to augment the mental capability and plasticity of those who will have to win these challenges. Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Bernard Claverie, Baptiste Prébot, Norbou Buchler, and François Du Cluzel, “Cognitive Warfare,” in First NATO Scientific Meeting on Cognitive Warfare (Bordeaux: NATO-STO Collaboration Support Office, with the support of NATO-ACT Innovation Hub, Bordeaux ENSC, the French Armed Forces Joint Staff and the Region Nouvelle Aquitaine, 2021).2 Ibid.3 Daniel J. Siegel, La mente relazionale: Neurobiologia dell’esperienza interpersonale [The Relational Mind: Neurobiology of the Interpersonal Experience] (Milan: Raffello Cortina Editore, 2013).4 Sabrina Magris, Perla Di Gioia, Ilaria Lamonato, Livia Stefania Mihalache, and Davide Bellomo, “To Have Alternatives, You Must Be Able to Think of Them,” The Journal of the Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence, Vol. 28, No. 2–3 (2020), pp. 68–82.5 The physiological bias is the elaboration of internal or external information aimed to cover up what is missed of the real information. The brain creates an ostensible version of what happens—based on the information it has already stored, without codifying new information—because it does not have the reality of what happens. At the neural level, it indicates the deficiency of substances that enable the connections between the parts of the brain involved, causing the noncodification of the information received. Davide Bellomo, What Is Biased Can Be Unbiased: The Neurological Process of Identification and Elimination of Biases Held by Professionals and Victims. Study Conducted Using Subject’s Brain Mapping to Evaluate Biases Caused by Trauma, Culture or Education. Poster presentation, End Violence Against Women International Conference (Chicago, IL, USA, 3–5 April 2018).6 Ariel Rokem and Merav Ahissar, “Interactions of Cognitive and Auditory Abilities in Congenitally Blind Individuals,” Neuropsychologia, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2009), pp. 843–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.0177 Ibid.8 Giacomo Rizzolatti, Luciano Fadiga, Vittorio Gallese, and Leonardo Fogassi, “Premotor Cortex and the Recognition of Motor Actions,” Brain Research. 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PMID: 1557059211 Wolfgang Klimesch, “The Frequency Architecture of Brain and Brain Body Oscillations: An Analysis,” European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 48 (2018), pp. 2431–2453. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14192; Joshua H. Balsters, Ian H. Robertson, and Vince D. Calhoun, “BOLD Frequency Power Indexes Working Memory Performance,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00207; Charles J. 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Sight is deceiving. Where the brain does not see, it invents, whereas the auditory and olfactory organs have a lower error rate.17 Davide Bellomo, “Presentation of Research Results,” Class at École Universitaire Internationale, Rome, Italy, March 2022.18 Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859).19 World Health Organization, World Health Statistics Report (2021).20 Gaetano Kanizsa, “Margini quasi-percettivi in campi con stimolazione omogenea” [Quasi-Perceptual Margins in Homogeneously Stimulated Fields], Rivista di Psicologia [Journal of Psychology], Vol. 49, No. 1 (1955), pp. 7–30; Gaetano Kanizsa and Walter Gerbino, “Amodal Completion: Seeing or Thinking?,” in Organization and Representation in Perception, edited by J. Beck (Erlbaum, 1982), pp. 167–190.21 Kenneth N. Stevens and Sheila Ellen Blumstein, “Invariant Cues for Place of Articulation in Stop Consonants,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 64, No. 5 (1978), pp. 1358–1368. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.382102; Kenneth N. Stevens, “Acoustics and Synthesis of Fricative Consonants,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 86, No. 47 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2027523; Kenneth N. Stevens, “Toward a Model for Lexical Access Based on Acoustic Landmarks and Distinctive Features,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 111, No. 4 (2002), pp. 1872–1891. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.145802622 Robert P. Carlyon, John M. Deeks, Dennins G. Norris, and Sally Butterfield, “The Continuity Illusion and Vowel Identification,” Acta Acustica United with Acustica, Vol. 88 (2022), pp. 408–415.23 Sabrina Magris, La svolta apicale: Come cambiare la mentalità e aumentare le capacità di leadership [The Apical Turn: How to Change Mentality and Augment Leadership Skills] (Castelfranco Veneto: Panda Edizioni, 2022).24 Melissa R. Stauble, Laura A. Thompson, and Gin Morgan, “Increases in Cortisol are Positively Associated with Gains in Encoding and Maintenance Working Memory Performance in Young Men,” Stress, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2013), pp. 402–410. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2013.780236; Sandra Ackermann, Francina Hartmann, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Dominique J. F. de Quervain, and Björn Rasch, “Associations between Basal Cortisol Levels and Memory Retrieval in Healthy Young Individuals,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 25, No. 11 (2013), pp. 1896–1907. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_0044025 Taylor, Dluhy and Williams, “Beta-Endorphin Suppresses Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol Levels in Normal Human Subjects,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 57, No. 3 (1983), pp. 592–596. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-3-59226 Harvard University, “Endrophines: The Brain’s Natural Pain Reliever” (Harvard Health Publishing, July 2021), https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/endorphins-the-brains-natural-pain-relieverAlexander Pilozzi, Caitlin Carro, and Xudong Huang, “Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2201033827 Induction of Phantosmia (olfactory induction).28 Joshua M. Tybur, Debra Lieberman, Robert Kurzban, and Peter DeScioli, “Disgust: Evolved Function and Structure,” Psychological Review, Vol. 120, No. 1 (2013), pp. 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a003077829 Zhijian Zhang, Qing Liu, Pengjie Wen, Jiaozhen Zhang, Xiaoping Rao, Ziming Zhou, Hongruo Zhang, et al., “Activation of the Dopaminergic Pathway from VTA to the Medial Olfactory Tubercle Generates Odor-Preference and Reward,” eLife, Vol. 6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25423; Shelly B. Flagel, Jeremy J. Clark, Terry E. Robinson, Leah Mayo, Alayna Czuj, Ingo Willuhn, Christina A. Akers, Sarah M. Clinton, Paul E. M. Phillips, and Huda Akil, “A Selective Role for Dopamine in Stimulus–Reward Learning,” Nature, Vol. 469 (2011), pp. 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0958830 David E. Linden, “How Psychotherapy Changes the Brain—The Contribution of Functional Neuroimaging,” Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 11 No. 6 (2006), pp. 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001816; Karlsson Hasse, “How Psychotherapy Changes the Brain,” Psychiatric Times, Vol. 28, No. 8 (2011).31 The first studies related to Linguistic Intelligence and to eight types of intelligence related to the brain were published in 1983 in the work-study by Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983).32 Psych Evolving is a composite method that permits one to augment the capabilities of the human being with specific purpose for intelligence practitioners; it is a method that has been tested on 1,000 subjects subdivided among psychological method, neurophysiological method, and combined method with the purpose of having a comprehensive scientific assessment. Thus, Psych Evolving is a theory that combines the latest medical–academic findings along with the recent discoveries in the field of neuropsychology, analyzing issues and providing solutions applied to intelligence and having roots in human enhancement (here considered as mental human enhancement, and—in order to avoid critics—without the use of meds or drugs). Within the Psych Evolving framework, a dedicated protocol has been developed and it is already used by some Western intelligence agencies, army special forces, and police special units. Davide Bellomo, Psych Evolving Method (Rome: École Universitaire Internationale, 2014).33 Boian S. Alexandrov, Vladimir Gelev, Alan R. Bishop, Anny Usheva, and Kim Ø. Rasmussen, “DNA Breathing Dynamics in the Presence of a Terahertz Field,” Physics Letters A, Vol. 374, No. 10 (2009): 1214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2009.12.07734 Ibid.35 Video: Illusion of the Charlie Chaplin Mask (public source: https://youtu.be/JLgXTzbZpDQ). This astounding illusion was first described by Richard Gregory, a pioneer of cognitive psychology. Much of his scientific work involved the development and interpretation of visual illusions, which he used as a tool to work out the perceptual mechanisms involved in the way the visual world is normally perceived; Michael Spivey, Daniel Richardson, and Rick Dale, “The Movement of Eye and Hand as a Window into Language and Cognition,” in Oxford Handbook of Human Action, edited by E. Morsella, J. A. Bargh, and P. M. Gollwitzer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 225–249.36 Timothy J. Buschman and Earl K. Miller, “Goal-Direction and Top-Down Control,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 369, No. 1655 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.047137 These are some of the actions that can be accomplished using auditory copying.38 Harry McGurk and John MacDonald, “Hearing Lips and Seeing voices,” Nature, Vol. 264 (1976), pp. 746–748; John MacDonald and Harry McGurk, “Visual Influences on Speech Perception Processes,” Perception & Psychophysics, Vol. 24, No. 3 (1978), pp. 253–257. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF0320609639 Davide Bellomo and Sabrina Magris, Psych Evolving Method and Protocol (Rome: École Universitaire Internationale, 2017).40 Davide Bellomo and Stefania Livia Mihalache, “The Importance of Intelligence Training: The New Frontiers: Using Neuroscience, Medicine, and Psychology to Augment the Cerebral-Cognitive Capabilities of Intelligence Practitioners,” Journal of European and American Intelligence Studies, Vol. 6, No.1 (2023), pp. 81–99.Additional informationNotes on contributorsDavide BellomoDavide Bellomo, Ph.D., is a former training advisor for United Nations Peace Support Operations. He is a Professor in operational intelligence, counterterrorism, hostage negotiation, psychological operations, and neuropsychology. He produced several operational manuals for various intelligence agencies in neuroscience, cognitive warfare, and human enhancement. The author can be contacted at edmondbischero@gmail.com.
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