Explainability and transparency in the realm of digital humanities: toward a historian XAI

Abstract The recent advancements in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) translated to an increased adoption of AI technology in the humanities, which is often challenged by the limited amount of annotated data, as well as its heterogeneity. Despite the scarcity of data it has become common practice to design increasingly complex AI models, usually at the expense of human readability, explainability, and trust. This in turn has led to an increased need for tools to help humanities scholars better explain and validate their models as well as their hypotheses. In this paper, we discuss the importance of employing Explainable AI (XAI) methods within the humanities to gain insights into historical processes as well as ensure model reproducibility and a trustworthy scientific result. To drive our point, we present several representative case studies from the Sphaera project where we analyze a large, well-curated corpus of early modern textbooks using an AI model, and rely on the XAI explanatory outputs to generate historical insights concerning their visual content. More specifically, we show that XAI can be used as a partner when investigating debated subjects in the history of science, such as what strategies were used in the early modern period to showcase mathematical instruments and machines.