Widespread dominance of methane ebullition over diffusion in freshwater aquaculture ponds

An ever-increasing demand for protein-rich food sources combined with dwindling wild fish stocks has caused the aquaculture sector to boom in the last two decades. Although fishponds are potentially strong emitters of the greenhouse gas methane (CH 4 ), little is known about the magnitude, pathways, and drivers of these emissions. We measured diffusive CH 4 emissions at the margin and in the center of 52 freshwater fishponds in Brazil. In a subset of ponds ( n = 31) we additionally quantified ebullitive CH 4 fluxes and sampled water and sediment for biogeochemical analyses. Sediments ( n = 20) were incubated to quantify potential CH 4 production. Ebullitive CH 4 emissions ranged between 0 and 477 mg m −2 d −1 and contributed substantially (median 85%) to total CH 4 emissions, surpassing diffusive emissions in 81% of ponds. Diffusive CH 4 emissions were higher in the center (median 11.4 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 ) than at the margin (median 6.1 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 ) in 90% of ponds. Sediment CH 4 production ranged between 0 and 3.17 mg CH 4 g C −1 d −1 . We found no relation between sediment CH 4 production and in situ emissions. Our findings suggest that dominance of CH 4 ebullition over diffusion is widespread across aquaculture ponds. Management practices to minimize the carbon footprint of aquaculture production should focus on reducing sediment accumulation and CH 4 ebullition.