CHRONOLOGY OF THE VOLCHIA GRIVA MEGAFAUNAL LOCALITY AND PALEOLITHIC SITE (WESTERN SIBERIA) AND THE ISSUE OF HUMAN OCCUPATION OF SIBERIA AT THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM

ABSTRACT A summary of the chronology for the key paleontological and archaeological site of Volchia Griva in the southern part of the West Siberian Plain is presented. Currently, 42 reliable 14 C values have been generated on animal bones (37 14 C dates) and charcoal (5 14 C dates). Three stratigraphic levels of animal bones are established. The 14 C ages of the fossils are as follows: the upper level—ca. 10,620–12,520 BP; the middle level—ca. 13,700–17,800 BP; and the lower level—ca. 18,230–19,790 BP. The majority of animal fossils and artifacts are associated with the lower level. Based on the results obtained, we suggest that Upper Paleolithic people occupied the Volchia Griva site during the second part of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), ca. 18,200–19,800 BP, and perhaps occasionally afterwards. It is obvious that these humans were well adapted to the cold and dry climate of the LGM, as well as numerous other populations in Siberia south of 58°N. It is noteworthy that the youngest 14 C values on woolly mammoth are of ca. 10,620–11,815 BP, and this makes the Volchia Griva one of the latest mammoth refugia in northern Eurasia outside of the Arctic.