湿热气候条件下热泵热水器电力需求负荷转移潜力的详细评价

IF 1.7 4区 工程技术 Q3 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Karen Fenaughty, Danny S. Parker, Joshua Butzbaugh, Carlos Colon
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Beyond draw volume, other factors influenced HPWH load shifting:Florida winter conditions, which increase the energy used per draw, provided the greatest challenges to complete load shift. Inlet water temperature had a large impact on the success of load reduction. Ground temperatures in which water pipes were buried largely determined inlet water temperatures.HPWH efficiency setting: Heat pump water heaters often default to a “hybrid” mode that may use some electric resistance heat to minimize risk of running out of hot water. Operational mode can impact load shifting potential. BackgroundHeat pump water heaters (HPWH) are a well demonstrated technology to significantly reduce electricity consumption for meeting household hot water needs. A variety of monitored projects around the U.S. have shown savings of 50-70%, reflected by operational coefficient of performance (COP), relative to conventional electric resistance storage water heaters (Colon et al. 2016; Shapiro and Puttagunta 2016; Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017). Within the last decade, systems have shown even higher operational COPs from improved compressors and other design enhancements. (Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017).Beyond the ability to save water heating electricity, HPWHs can also cut peak demand. Many large utility providers in the southeast already have demand response and load management programs (Butzbaugh and Winiarski 2020) and may find value in promoting grid-connected HPWHs capable of load shifting if demonstrated to provide superior load control. This can be thought of as the ability to not only control utility-coincident peak loads, but also to alter the water heating electrical demand profile in a significant manner (e.g., alter electric load profile shape to consume a greater amount of daytime utility scale renewable energy). Current HPWHs and some ERWHs available for purchase are compatible with CTA-2045-A protocol (ANSI/CTA 2018). This protocol has demonstrated electric demand flexibility in the Northwest to provide a utility the ability to control when an appliance draws power from the grid (Metzger et al. 2018). And Carew et al (2018) have detailed simulation studies of load shifting with HPWHs. Other related work evaluating HPWHs has been conducted around California’s Title 24 standard development (Hendron et al. 2020). A multifamily load shifting HPWH study completed detailed modelling that showed higher annual kWh use (11-18%), but averaged a 68% reduction in on-peak energy in a field monitor study in a Northern California climate (Hoeschele and Haile 2022). However, this is the first evaluation to undertake comprehensive laboratory testing.The CTA-2045 protocol standardizes both the hardware interface between a communications module and ‘smart’ appliance, as well as the language used by electricity providers to communicate with a connected device. Manufacturers determine how water heaters respond to the control commands, based on engineering parameters and the water temperature profile in the tank, and thus differences can exist in implementation of the protocol.DisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also. Notes1 Test conditions for HPWHs in the UEF test procedure are 67.5 °F (19.7 °C) dry bulb air temperature (+/- 2.5 °F (1.4 °C)) and 50% Relative Humidity (+/- 2), and inlet water temperature of 58 °F (14.4 °C) (+/- 2 °F (1.1 °C)).","PeriodicalId":21556,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for the Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Detailed evaluation of electric demand load shifting potential of heat pump water heaters in a hot humid climate\",\"authors\":\"Karen Fenaughty, Danny S. Parker, Joshua Butzbaugh, Carlos Colon\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/23744731.2023.2261808\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"AbstractHeat pump water heaters (HPWH) are a proven method of reducing water heating energy use over prevailing electric resistance systems (ERWH). 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(Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017).Beyond the ability to save water heating electricity, HPWHs can also cut peak demand. Many large utility providers in the southeast already have demand response and load management programs (Butzbaugh and Winiarski 2020) and may find value in promoting grid-connected HPWHs capable of load shifting if demonstrated to provide superior load control. This can be thought of as the ability to not only control utility-coincident peak loads, but also to alter the water heating electrical demand profile in a significant manner (e.g., alter electric load profile shape to consume a greater amount of daytime utility scale renewable energy). Current HPWHs and some ERWHs available for purchase are compatible with CTA-2045-A protocol (ANSI/CTA 2018). This protocol has demonstrated electric demand flexibility in the Northwest to provide a utility the ability to control when an appliance draws power from the grid (Metzger et al. 2018). And Carew et al (2018) have detailed simulation studies of load shifting with HPWHs. Other related work evaluating HPWHs has been conducted around California’s Title 24 standard development (Hendron et al. 2020). A multifamily load shifting HPWH study completed detailed modelling that showed higher annual kWh use (11-18%), but averaged a 68% reduction in on-peak energy in a field monitor study in a Northern California climate (Hoeschele and Haile 2022). However, this is the first evaluation to undertake comprehensive laboratory testing.The CTA-2045 protocol standardizes both the hardware interface between a communications module and ‘smart’ appliance, as well as the language used by electricity providers to communicate with a connected device. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

热泵热水器(HPWH)是一种行之有效的方法,减少水加热能源的使用超过现行的电阻系统(ERWH)。这两种技术都可以增强对峰值负载降低的控制。使用CTA-2045标准在佛罗里达州中部进行了实验室测试,以评估连接热水器的负荷转移策略。来自三家制造商的四个hpwh,包括两个不同的油箱容量,与一个ERWH一起在类似车库的环境中进行了测试。测试的目的是将能源使用从公用事业高峰负荷时期转移到可再生能源过剩的非高峰时段。两种负载转移策略显示有效,棚和临界峰值,不同的制造商的变化。除了抽水量之外,其他因素也影响着HPWH的负荷转移:佛罗里达州的冬季条件增加了每次抽水量的能耗,为完成负荷转移提供了最大的挑战。进水温度对减载的成功与否有很大的影响。水管所在的地温很大程度上决定了进水温度。HPWH效率设置:热泵热水器通常默认为“混合”模式,可能会使用一些电阻热来最小化热水耗尽的风险。操作模式会影响负荷转移潜力。热泵热水器(HPWH)是一项已得到充分证明的技术,可显著减少电力消耗,以满足家庭热水需求。通过运行性能系数(COP),美国各地的各种监测项目显示,与传统电阻储水式热水器相比,节省了50-70%的成本(Colon等人,2016;Shapiro and Puttagunta 2016;Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017)。在过去的十年中,系统通过改进压缩机和其他设计增强,显示出更高的运行cop。(Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017)。除了节约水、加热和电力的能力之外,HPWHs还可以减少高峰需求。东南部的许多大型公用事业供应商已经有了需求响应和负荷管理计划(Butzbaugh和Winiarski 2020),如果证明能够提供卓越的负荷控制,可能会发现推广能够转移负荷的并网HPWHs的价值。这不仅可以被认为是控制公用事业同步峰值负荷的能力,而且还可以以显着的方式改变水加热电力需求剖面(例如,改变电力负荷剖面形状以消耗更多的白天公用事业规模可再生能源)。目前可购买的HPWHs和一些ERWHs与CTA-2045- a协议(ANSI/CTA 2018)兼容。该协议展示了西北地区电力需求的灵活性,为公用事业公司提供了控制设备何时从电网获取电力的能力(Metzger et al. 2018)。Carew等人(2018)对HPWHs的负载转移进行了详细的模拟研究。其他评估HPWHs的相关工作是围绕加州Title 24标准制定进行的(Hendron et al. 2020)。一项多户负荷转移HPWH研究完成了详细的建模,显示了更高的年千瓦时使用量(11-18%),但在北加州气候的现场监测研究中,峰值能源平均减少了68% (Hoeschele和Haile 2022)。然而,这是第一次进行全面实验室测试的评估。CTA-2045协议标准化了通信模块和“智能”设备之间的硬件接口,以及电力供应商与连接设备通信时使用的语言。制造商根据工程参数和水箱内的水温概况来确定热水器如何响应控制命令,因此在协议的实施中可能存在差异。免责声明作为对作者和研究人员的服务,我们提供了这个版本的已接受的手稿(AM)。在最终出版版本记录(VoR)之前,将对该手稿进行编辑、排版和审查。在制作和印前,可能会发现可能影响内容的错误,所有适用于期刊的法律免责声明也与这些版本有关。注1在UEF测试程序中,HPWHs的测试条件为67.5°F(19.7°C)干球空气温度(+/- 2.5°F(1.4°C))和50%相对湿度(+/- 2),进水温度为58°F(14.4°C)(+/- 2°F(1.1°C))。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Detailed evaluation of electric demand load shifting potential of heat pump water heaters in a hot humid climate
AbstractHeat pump water heaters (HPWH) are a proven method of reducing water heating energy use over prevailing electric resistance systems (ERWH). Both technologies lend themselves to enhanced control for peak load reduction. Laboratory tests were conducted in Central Florida using the CTA-2045 standard to evaluate load shifting strategies with connected water heaters. Four HPWHs from three manufacturers, including two different tank volumes were tested alongside an ERWH in a garage-like environment. Tests aimed to shift energy use away from utility peak load periods to off-peak times when excess renewable energy resources are available. Two load-shifting strategies were shown effective, Shed and Critical Peak, with variation by manufacturer. Beyond draw volume, other factors influenced HPWH load shifting:Florida winter conditions, which increase the energy used per draw, provided the greatest challenges to complete load shift. Inlet water temperature had a large impact on the success of load reduction. Ground temperatures in which water pipes were buried largely determined inlet water temperatures.HPWH efficiency setting: Heat pump water heaters often default to a “hybrid” mode that may use some electric resistance heat to minimize risk of running out of hot water. Operational mode can impact load shifting potential. BackgroundHeat pump water heaters (HPWH) are a well demonstrated technology to significantly reduce electricity consumption for meeting household hot water needs. A variety of monitored projects around the U.S. have shown savings of 50-70%, reflected by operational coefficient of performance (COP), relative to conventional electric resistance storage water heaters (Colon et al. 2016; Shapiro and Puttagunta 2016; Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017). Within the last decade, systems have shown even higher operational COPs from improved compressors and other design enhancements. (Willem, Lin, and Lekov 2017).Beyond the ability to save water heating electricity, HPWHs can also cut peak demand. Many large utility providers in the southeast already have demand response and load management programs (Butzbaugh and Winiarski 2020) and may find value in promoting grid-connected HPWHs capable of load shifting if demonstrated to provide superior load control. This can be thought of as the ability to not only control utility-coincident peak loads, but also to alter the water heating electrical demand profile in a significant manner (e.g., alter electric load profile shape to consume a greater amount of daytime utility scale renewable energy). Current HPWHs and some ERWHs available for purchase are compatible with CTA-2045-A protocol (ANSI/CTA 2018). This protocol has demonstrated electric demand flexibility in the Northwest to provide a utility the ability to control when an appliance draws power from the grid (Metzger et al. 2018). And Carew et al (2018) have detailed simulation studies of load shifting with HPWHs. Other related work evaluating HPWHs has been conducted around California’s Title 24 standard development (Hendron et al. 2020). A multifamily load shifting HPWH study completed detailed modelling that showed higher annual kWh use (11-18%), but averaged a 68% reduction in on-peak energy in a field monitor study in a Northern California climate (Hoeschele and Haile 2022). However, this is the first evaluation to undertake comprehensive laboratory testing.The CTA-2045 protocol standardizes both the hardware interface between a communications module and ‘smart’ appliance, as well as the language used by electricity providers to communicate with a connected device. Manufacturers determine how water heaters respond to the control commands, based on engineering parameters and the water temperature profile in the tank, and thus differences can exist in implementation of the protocol.DisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also. Notes1 Test conditions for HPWHs in the UEF test procedure are 67.5 °F (19.7 °C) dry bulb air temperature (+/- 2.5 °F (1.4 °C)) and 50% Relative Humidity (+/- 2), and inlet water temperature of 58 °F (14.4 °C) (+/- 2 °F (1.1 °C)).
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来源期刊
Science and Technology for the Built Environment
Science and Technology for the Built Environment THERMODYNAMICSCONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECH-CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
CiteScore
4.30
自引率
5.30%
发文量
78
期刊介绍: Science and Technology for the Built Environment (formerly HVAC&R Research) is ASHRAE’s archival research publication, offering comprehensive reporting of original research in science and technology related to the stationary and mobile built environment, including indoor environmental quality, thermodynamic and energy system dynamics, materials properties, refrigerants, renewable and traditional energy systems and related processes and concepts, integrated built environmental system design approaches and tools, simulation approaches and algorithms, building enclosure assemblies, and systems for minimizing and regulating space heating and cooling modes. The journal features review articles that critically assess existing literature and point out future research directions.
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