宗教纠葛:中非五旬节派和文化知识的创造以及卢巴加丹加的形成

IF 0.3 0 RELIGION
Emma Wild-Wood
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In doing so, he shows how the Luba people were intertwined in religious revival, in the establishment of Pentecostal churches, and in the formation of knowledge—and its international exchange—of themselves as a people. The span of topics is impressive and necessary in order to examine the extent and nature of entanglement. It is the Luba Katanga, both people and the place they inhabit, that provides the point of focus.Eight main chapters introduce us to the actors and their interdependent projects. The first chapter places the Congo Evangelistic Mission and its main protagonist William Burton in a transnational history of early twentieth-century Pentecostal revival that, in chapter 4, is shown to challenge the orthodoxies of Catholic missions and the Belgian colonial state. The second chapter provides a precolonial history of the powerful Luba Kingdom and its demise through the slave trades operating on both sides of the continent. This provides the background for explaining the development of a Luba Christian movement in chapter 3 in which expectations of gender and generation were revised in the formation of new identities and communities. An extended discussion of knowledge production is provided in chapters 5 to 7, showing the ways in which knowledge was co-created and how it both challenged and complied with anthropological and colonial knowledge production. The scientific endeavor had social and cultural effects in creating a more defined modern Luba identity, as Luba themselves worked at their morals and their language. Men like Shalumbo, Kangoi, and Ngoloma led emerging churches, by teaching, healing, and exorcising, and created “pathways” to knowledge through Bible translation and proverb collection. Yet the adoption of modernizing tendencies was selective and contested: for example, early convert Abraham rejected Christianity and became a charm-maker. The final chapter demonstrates how entangled social, religious, and scientific projects converted missionaries to new ways of understanding the world. The study of the scholarship of Burton and Placide Tempels, Burton’s better-known Franciscan counterpart and author of Bantu Philosophy (1946), reveals an evolution in their understanding of and respect for the Luba. The book concludes that friendship between missionaries and Luba, formed by close contact in villages and on journeys, and in language learning, produced religious entanglements that produced thorough if flawed knowledge. This process set in motion a vibrant form of Christianity that has only grown and spread in the postcolonial era.The book makes an important contribution to the discussion on colonialism, Christianity, and knowledge production. Maxwell takes the asymmetries of colonial power dynamics seriously, disaggregating their hierarchies so that readers can learn, for example, where Pentecostal movements in the Belgian and Catholic Congo came in this pecking order, and how Luba kings and men freed from slavery had different forms of influence at their disposal. He discusses Burton’s commitment to construct a precontact, essentialized Luba past, even as such functionalist anthropology was on the wane. He notes how informants and assistants were erased from Burton’s scientific work in the name of “objectivity” and, conversely, included as important agents in his missionary writings. Maxwell shows how relationships and movements of change worked in a complex political sphere. He identifies how European missionaries could preach a common humanity and perceive it being actualized in their relationships while, at the same, displaying attitudes of European superiority and conforming to the restrictions of colonial categories. With the inclusion of many photographs, Maxwell identifies the different gazes—intrusive, judging, generous, and insightful—of Burton’s camera that contributed to Belgian and South African anthropological inquiry. There are many pen sketches of Luba chiefs, evangelists, and spiritual experts. This reader was curious to know more about the influence of Burton’s wife, Hettie, whose close work with women may have provided a distinct understanding of the Luba, men like Chungu and Chokwe who were early Brethren Christians in the area, and Iska Lupichi who collected Luba proverbs for Burton. Here we are probably at the mercy of missionary priorities of recordkeeping for home supporters and may never know the extent of their contribution. For, throughout the volume, Maxwell works hard with the sources at his disposal to bring the actions and collective change of the Luba—both men and women—to the fore.This a fine, rich book which refuses to allow the inequities of the colonial past to erase the history of entangled transcultural relationships that effected social change, forged new collective identities, and created cultural knowledge with and about the Luba Katanga. 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It is the Luba Katanga, both people and the place they inhabit, that provides the point of focus.Eight main chapters introduce us to the actors and their interdependent projects. The first chapter places the Congo Evangelistic Mission and its main protagonist William Burton in a transnational history of early twentieth-century Pentecostal revival that, in chapter 4, is shown to challenge the orthodoxies of Catholic missions and the Belgian colonial state. The second chapter provides a precolonial history of the powerful Luba Kingdom and its demise through the slave trades operating on both sides of the continent. This provides the background for explaining the development of a Luba Christian movement in chapter 3 in which expectations of gender and generation were revised in the formation of new identities and communities. An extended discussion of knowledge production is provided in chapters 5 to 7, showing the ways in which knowledge was co-created and how it both challenged and complied with anthropological and colonial knowledge production. The scientific endeavor had social and cultural effects in creating a more defined modern Luba identity, as Luba themselves worked at their morals and their language. Men like Shalumbo, Kangoi, and Ngoloma led emerging churches, by teaching, healing, and exorcising, and created “pathways” to knowledge through Bible translation and proverb collection. Yet the adoption of modernizing tendencies was selective and contested: for example, early convert Abraham rejected Christianity and became a charm-maker. The final chapter demonstrates how entangled social, religious, and scientific projects converted missionaries to new ways of understanding the world. The study of the scholarship of Burton and Placide Tempels, Burton’s better-known Franciscan counterpart and author of Bantu Philosophy (1946), reveals an evolution in their understanding of and respect for the Luba. The book concludes that friendship between missionaries and Luba, formed by close contact in villages and on journeys, and in language learning, produced religious entanglements that produced thorough if flawed knowledge. This process set in motion a vibrant form of Christianity that has only grown and spread in the postcolonial era.The book makes an important contribution to the discussion on colonialism, Christianity, and knowledge production. Maxwell takes the asymmetries of colonial power dynamics seriously, disaggregating their hierarchies so that readers can learn, for example, where Pentecostal movements in the Belgian and Catholic Congo came in this pecking order, and how Luba kings and men freed from slavery had different forms of influence at their disposal. He discusses Burton’s commitment to construct a precontact, essentialized Luba past, even as such functionalist anthropology was on the wane. He notes how informants and assistants were erased from Burton’s scientific work in the name of “objectivity” and, conversely, included as important agents in his missionary writings. Maxwell shows how relationships and movements of change worked in a complex political sphere. He identifies how European missionaries could preach a common humanity and perceive it being actualized in their relationships while, at the same, displaying attitudes of European superiority and conforming to the restrictions of colonial categories. With the inclusion of many photographs, Maxwell identifies the different gazes—intrusive, judging, generous, and insightful—of Burton’s camera that contributed to Belgian and South African anthropological inquiry. There are many pen sketches of Luba chiefs, evangelists, and spiritual experts. 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引用次数: 1

摘要

“纠缠”的概念已经成为社会历史学家富有成效的分析工具。“纠缠”认识到,用于描述事物集合的类别经常会产生需要询问的人为边界。它承认人的能动性是相互依赖的一种条件,它在拥有不同权力的社会群体内部和群体之间起作用。David Maxwell,在Tony Ballantyne的《帝国的纠缠》(2014)之后,巧妙地运用了这一概念来考察殖民地加丹加的“多元互动、递归、跨文化和跨文化参与、与科学和社会边界跨越的互动”(12),在卢巴人、殖民官员和不同国籍和信仰的传教士之间。在这样做的过程中,他展示了卢巴人是如何与宗教复兴、五旬节派教会的建立、知识的形成及其作为一个民族的国际交流交织在一起的。为了研究纠缠的程度和性质,主题的跨度令人印象深刻,也是必要的。卢巴加丹加(Luba Katanga)的人和他们居住的地方,提供了重点。八个主要章节向我们介绍了参与者和他们相互依存的项目。第一章将刚果福音传教会及其主角威廉·伯顿置于二十世纪早期五旬节派复兴的跨国历史中,第四章显示了对天主教传教会和比利时殖民国家正统观念的挑战。第二章提供了强大的卢巴王国的前殖民历史,以及它通过在非洲大陆两岸进行奴隶贸易而灭亡的历史。这为解释第3章中卢巴基督教运动的发展提供了背景,其中对性别和世代的期望在形成新的身份和社区时得到了修订。第5章至第7章提供了对知识生产的扩展讨论,展示了知识共同创造的方式,以及它如何挑战和遵守人类学和殖民知识生产。科学的努力产生了社会和文化的影响,创造了一个更明确的现代卢巴人身份,因为卢巴人自己也致力于他们的道德和语言。像Shalumbo, Kangoi和Ngoloma这样的人通过教导,治疗和驱魔来领导新兴教会,并通过圣经翻译和谚语收集创造了通往知识的“途径”。然而,采用现代化的趋势是有选择性的和有争议的:例如,早期的皈依者亚伯拉罕拒绝基督教,成为一个魅力制造者。最后一章展示了纠缠在一起的社会、宗教和科学项目如何将传教士转变为理解世界的新方式。伯顿和普莱西德·坦普尔斯(普莱西德·坦普尔斯是伯顿更为知名的方济会同行,也是《班图哲学》(1946)的作者)的学术研究揭示了他们对卢巴人的理解和尊重的演变。这本书的结论是,传教士和卢巴人之间的友谊是通过在村庄和旅途中的密切接触以及在语言学习中形成的,这种友谊产生了宗教上的纠缠,这种纠缠产生了彻底的、尽管有缺陷的知识。这一过程启动了一种充满活力的基督教形式,这种形式在后殖民时代才得以发展和传播。这本书对殖民主义、基督教和知识生产的讨论做出了重要贡献。麦克斯韦认真对待殖民权力动态的不对称,分解了他们的等级制度,这样读者就可以了解,例如,比利时和天主教刚果的五旬节派运动在这个等级顺序中是什么位置,以及卢巴国王和从奴隶制中解放出来的人如何拥有不同形式的影响力。他讨论了伯顿致力于构建一个接触前的、本质化的卢巴过去,即使这种功能主义人类学正在衰落。他注意到告密者和助手是如何以“客观”的名义从伯顿的科学著作中抹去的,相反,在他的传教著作中却作为重要的代理人被包括在内。麦克斯韦展示了变化的关系和运动是如何在复杂的政治领域中发挥作用的。他确定了欧洲传教士如何宣扬共同的人性,并在他们的关系中认识到这一点,与此同时,表现出欧洲优越的态度,并遵守殖民类别的限制。通过收录许多照片,麦克斯韦尔发现了伯顿相机的不同目光——侵入性的、判断性的、慷慨的和有洞察力的——这些目光对比利时和南非的人类学研究做出了贡献。有很多关于卢巴酋长、福音传道者和精神专家的素描。 这位读者很想知道更多关于伯顿的妻子赫蒂的影响,她与女性的密切合作可能使她对卢巴人有了独特的了解,像春古和乔克维这样的人是该地区早期的基督徒弟兄,还有为伯顿收集卢巴谚语的伊斯卡·卢皮奇。在这里,我们可能会受到传教士优先为国内支持者保存记录的摆布,可能永远不会知道他们的贡献有多大。因为,在整本书中,麦克斯韦努力利用他所掌握的资料,将卢巴人的行动和集体变革——包括男人和女人——展现在人们面前。这是一本精彩而丰富的书,它拒绝让殖民历史的不平等抹去纠缠在一起的跨文化关系的历史,这些关系影响了社会变革,形成了新的集体身份,并创造了与卢巴加丹加有关的文化知识。它为理解非洲大陆其他地方的社会宗教变化提供了一种方法和框架。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Religious Entanglements: Central African Pentecostalism and the Creation of Cultural Knowledge and the Making of the Luba Katanga
The notion of “entanglement” has become a productive analytical tool for social historians. “Entanglement” recognizes that categories used to delineate sets of things frequently create artificial boundaries that require interrogation. It acknowledges that human agency is a condition of interdependency, one which operates within and between social groups possessing different sorts of power. David Maxwell, following Tony Ballantyne’s Entanglements of Empire (2014), deftly deploys the notion to examine the “plural interaction, recursion, transcultural and cross-cultural engagement, interaction with science and social border crossing” (12) in colonial Katanga, amongst Luba, colonial officials, and missionaries of various nationalities and confessions. In doing so, he shows how the Luba people were intertwined in religious revival, in the establishment of Pentecostal churches, and in the formation of knowledge—and its international exchange—of themselves as a people. The span of topics is impressive and necessary in order to examine the extent and nature of entanglement. It is the Luba Katanga, both people and the place they inhabit, that provides the point of focus.Eight main chapters introduce us to the actors and their interdependent projects. The first chapter places the Congo Evangelistic Mission and its main protagonist William Burton in a transnational history of early twentieth-century Pentecostal revival that, in chapter 4, is shown to challenge the orthodoxies of Catholic missions and the Belgian colonial state. The second chapter provides a precolonial history of the powerful Luba Kingdom and its demise through the slave trades operating on both sides of the continent. This provides the background for explaining the development of a Luba Christian movement in chapter 3 in which expectations of gender and generation were revised in the formation of new identities and communities. An extended discussion of knowledge production is provided in chapters 5 to 7, showing the ways in which knowledge was co-created and how it both challenged and complied with anthropological and colonial knowledge production. The scientific endeavor had social and cultural effects in creating a more defined modern Luba identity, as Luba themselves worked at their morals and their language. Men like Shalumbo, Kangoi, and Ngoloma led emerging churches, by teaching, healing, and exorcising, and created “pathways” to knowledge through Bible translation and proverb collection. Yet the adoption of modernizing tendencies was selective and contested: for example, early convert Abraham rejected Christianity and became a charm-maker. The final chapter demonstrates how entangled social, religious, and scientific projects converted missionaries to new ways of understanding the world. The study of the scholarship of Burton and Placide Tempels, Burton’s better-known Franciscan counterpart and author of Bantu Philosophy (1946), reveals an evolution in their understanding of and respect for the Luba. The book concludes that friendship between missionaries and Luba, formed by close contact in villages and on journeys, and in language learning, produced religious entanglements that produced thorough if flawed knowledge. This process set in motion a vibrant form of Christianity that has only grown and spread in the postcolonial era.The book makes an important contribution to the discussion on colonialism, Christianity, and knowledge production. Maxwell takes the asymmetries of colonial power dynamics seriously, disaggregating their hierarchies so that readers can learn, for example, where Pentecostal movements in the Belgian and Catholic Congo came in this pecking order, and how Luba kings and men freed from slavery had different forms of influence at their disposal. He discusses Burton’s commitment to construct a precontact, essentialized Luba past, even as such functionalist anthropology was on the wane. He notes how informants and assistants were erased from Burton’s scientific work in the name of “objectivity” and, conversely, included as important agents in his missionary writings. Maxwell shows how relationships and movements of change worked in a complex political sphere. He identifies how European missionaries could preach a common humanity and perceive it being actualized in their relationships while, at the same, displaying attitudes of European superiority and conforming to the restrictions of colonial categories. With the inclusion of many photographs, Maxwell identifies the different gazes—intrusive, judging, generous, and insightful—of Burton’s camera that contributed to Belgian and South African anthropological inquiry. There are many pen sketches of Luba chiefs, evangelists, and spiritual experts. This reader was curious to know more about the influence of Burton’s wife, Hettie, whose close work with women may have provided a distinct understanding of the Luba, men like Chungu and Chokwe who were early Brethren Christians in the area, and Iska Lupichi who collected Luba proverbs for Burton. Here we are probably at the mercy of missionary priorities of recordkeeping for home supporters and may never know the extent of their contribution. For, throughout the volume, Maxwell works hard with the sources at his disposal to bring the actions and collective change of the Luba—both men and women—to the fore.This a fine, rich book which refuses to allow the inequities of the colonial past to erase the history of entangled transcultural relationships that effected social change, forged new collective identities, and created cultural knowledge with and about the Luba Katanga. It offers a method and framework for understanding socioreligious change elsewhere on the African continent.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
17
期刊介绍: The Journal of Africana Religions publishes critical scholarship on Africana religions, including the religious traditions of African and African Diasporic peoples as well as religious traditions influenced by the diverse cultural heritage of Africa. An interdisciplinary journal encompassing history, anthropology, Africana studies, gender studies, ethnic studies, religious studies, and other allied disciplines, the Journal of Africana Religions embraces a variety of humanistic and social scientific methodologies in understanding the social, political, and cultural meanings and functions of Africana religions.
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