关井大井:1923年地震后的关井大火

IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
Charles Scawthorn, Tomoaki Nishino, J. Charles Schencking, Janet Borland
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引用次数: 2

摘要

1923年的阪神大地震是人类历史上最致命、最具破坏性的自然灾害之一。正如它的名字所暗示的那样,尽管火是造成绝大多数死亡和破坏的罪魁祸首,但在对这一事件的研究中却很少考虑到火。此外,早在1905年,人们就预见到地震后东京将被大火摧毁,但没有采取任何行动来降低风险。因此,我们集中注意9月1日活动的五个方面,并特别注意首都东京。东京中部的震动强度差异很大,在第一个小时内,城市的所有地区分布着大约100个点火点。由于普遍存在易燃的木结构建筑,强风以及由于水管破裂而缺乏消防用水,这些火灾迅速发展为大火。然而,即使有足够的水,考虑到不利的气象条件,消防员可能仍然会不堪重负。大火很快就合并成非常大的大火,造成了局部的大风,进一步助长了大火,形成了大火漩涡。其中最严重的一次发生在许多人避难的地区,造成4万人死亡。即使没有这一特别悲惨的事件,火灾造成的死亡人数仍然高于建筑物倒塌和其他原因造成的死亡人数。为什么多年前发出的有先见之明的警告没有得到重视,灾难及其后果的社会和政治影响是什么,以及减少火灾和地震风险的意识如何影响灾后重建,这些都是我们要解决的问题。尽管自1923年以来,日本已经实施了许多措施来改善地震和震后火灾的准备工作,但地震后火灾的风险在日本和其他地方仍然很大。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Kantō Daikasai: The Great Kantō Fire Following the 1923 Earthquake
ABSTRACT The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake is one of the most deadly and destructive natural disasters in history. As the name connotes, fire is less considered in examinations of this event even though fire was responsible for the vast majority of death and destruction. Moreover, destruction of Tokyo by fire following an earthquake was foreseen and foretold as early as 1905, yet no actions were taken to reduce the risk. We therefore focus on fire aspects of the 1 September event with special attention to the capital Tokyo. Shaking intensities varied significantly across central Tokyo, with ∼100 ignitions distributed in all parts of the city occurring within the first hour. These rapidly grew into large fires due to the prevailing flammable wood-framed construction, high winds, and lack of firefighting water caused by breaks in water mains. However, even with adequate water, firefighters would likely still have been overwhelmed given the adverse meteorological conditions. The large fires soon merged into very large conflagrations that created their own localized high winds, further feeding the fires to the extent that fire whirls were created. The worst of these occurred in an area where many people were sheltering, causing 40,000 deaths. Even without this particularly tragic occurrence, the deaths due to fires were still greater than due to building collapse and other causes. Why the prescient warning issued years earlier went unheeded, what the social and political impact of the disaster and its aftermath was, and how fire and seismic risk reduction awareness influenced postdisaster reconstruction, are all questions we address. Although Japan since 1923 has implemented many measures to improve earthquake and postearthquake fire preparedness, the risk of fire following an earthquake remains significant in Japan as well as elsewhere.
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来源期刊
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
5.80
自引率
13.30%
发文量
140
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, commonly referred to as BSSA, (ISSN 0037-1106) is the premier journal of advanced research in earthquake seismology and related disciplines. It first appeared in 1911 and became a bimonthly in 1963. Each issue is composed of scientific papers on the various aspects of seismology, including investigation of specific earthquakes, theoretical and observational studies of seismic waves, inverse methods for determining the structure of the Earth or the dynamics of the earthquake source, seismometry, earthquake hazard and risk estimation, seismotectonics, and earthquake engineering. Special issues focus on important earthquakes or rapidly changing topics in seismology. BSSA is published by the Seismological Society of America.
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