Nano-Zirconia Synthesis Methods and their Pioneering Applications in Dentistry

Nano-zirconia, also known as nanocrystalline zirconia or zirconia nanoparticles, is a versatile material with numerous applications in various fields, including catalysis, sensors, energy storage, and biomedical engineering. This review manuscript explores the synthesis methods of nano-zirconia, focusing on the sol-gel method, precipitation method, hydrothermal method, flame spray pyrolysis, and template-assisted synthesis. Each method is discussed in detail, highlighting its advantages and disadvantages. The selection of a synthesis approach depends on factors such as desired properties, scalability, cost, and equipment availability. Furthermore, the study examines specific dental applications where nano-zirconia materials find utility. In dental implantology, nano-zirconia implants have shown promising results in terms of osseointegration, with comparable or superior performance to titanium implants. Surface modifications, such as bioactive coatings, have been explored to enhance osseointegration and long-term success. Additionally, nano-zirconia ceramics have been utilized in dental prostheses, such as crowns, due to their biocompatibility and exceptional strength. Studies have evaluated the mechanical properties and translucency of different zirconia compositions for dental restorations. Moreover, improvements in the sol-gel process have led to the development of zirconia-silica glass ceramics with enhanced aesthetics and corrosion resistance. Lastly, the impact of professional tooth cleaning on zirconia dental prostheses has been investigated, providing insights into surface properties and bacterial adherence. Overall, nano-zirconia materials offer great potential in various dental applications, and their synthesis methods can be tailored to obtain desired properties for specific uses. Further research and optimization are required to fully explore and exploit the capabilities of nano-zirconia in dental settings.