Quantum leap for electroanalysis: graphene dots take electrochemical sensing to the next level

ABSTRACTGraphene quantum dots (GQDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials for electrochemical sensing due to their unique optical, electronic and catalytic properties. GQDs can be synthesised using top-down and bottom-up approaches, with green synthesis gaining popularity. The size, surface chemistry and doping of GQDs affect their electrochemical performance for sensing applications. GQDs enhance electron transfer and provide catalytic sites for signal amplification in electrochemical sensors for diverse analytes including neurotransmitters, biomarkers, metal ions and pollutants. However, challenges remain in improving GQD synthesis yield, property control, sensor stability and selectivity. This review summarises recent advances in GQD synthesis methods, strategies for property modulation, and applications in electrochemical sensors for biomedical, environmental and food analysis. The unique properties of GQDs that enable enhanced sensitivity and selectivity of sensors are discussed. Future research directions to address current challenges and realise the full potential of GQDs for next-generation sensor technology are also presented.KEYWORDS: Graphene quantum dotselectrochemical sensingpropertiesapplicationssensorsbiosensors Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).