Enhanced piezo-catalysis in ZnO rods with built-in nanopores

Strategies to improve the efficiency of piezoelectric catalysis have long focused on piezo-optical coupling and the construction of heterojunctions. However, it is a challenge to reinforce the performance of piezoelectric catalysis in a single material. Herein the built-in nanopores in single-crystal ZnO rods are employed to form stress to intensify the piezo-catalytic efficiency. The piezo-catalytic efficiency of ZnO rods with built-in nanopores (holey ZnO NRs) for degrading dyes was about 1.7 times that of ZnO rods without built-in nanopores (ZnO NRs). The X-ray diffraction and Raman peaks of holey ZnO NRs appeared blue-shifted in comparison to ZnO NRs, uncovering the existence of tensile stress in holey ZnO NRs. The piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ of holey ZnO NRs increased by 1.92 times, triggering the amplification of piezoelectric catalytic property. Additionally, the piezoelectric current, carrier lifetime, and diffusion length of holey ZnO NRs were larger than that of ZnO NRs, respectively. These factors all contribute to the enhanced piezoelectric catalytic efficiency of holey ZnO NRs. This work demonstrates that the method of induced stress with built-in nanopores is a promising strategy for improving the piezoelectric catalytic efficiency of single-crystal ZnO rods.