A review on the classifications and applications of solar photovoltaic technology

Our aim of this work is to present a review of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and technologies. The principle of functioning of a PV system and its major components are first discussed. The types of PV systems are described regarding the connections and characteristics of each type. PV technology generations are demonstrated, including the types, properties, advantages and barriers of each generation. It was revealed that the first generation is the oldest among the three PV generations and the most commonly utilized due to its high efficiency in spite the high cost and complex fabrication process of silicon; the second generation is characterized by its low efficiency and cost and flexibility compared to other generations; and the third generation is not commercially proven yet in spite the fact that it has the highest efficiency and relatively low cost, its raw materials are easy to find and its fabrication process is easier than the other generations. It was shown that the target of all the conducted studies is to study the PV technology to enhance its performance and optimize the benefit from solar energy by reducing conventional energy dependence, mitigating CO₂ emissions and promote the economic performance.