将有意识的注意置于语境中:对注意和自由意志的回顾

John G. Nadra, George R. Mangun
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摘要

注意力是一种将意识集中在相关事件和物体上,而忽略分散注意力的能力。自上而下自发注意的实验室研究通常使用预测性或指导性线索来引导注意。然而,在现实世界的场景中,自愿注意不一定是外部提示的,而可能是由内部的、自我产生的过程集中的。在没有外部引导的情况下,这种自发的注意力集中被称为“意志的注意力”,这个术语是从有关意志运动的文献中借用来的。在一种类似于研究意志(自我发起)行为的方式中,在意志注意期间,参与者可以根据自己的自由选择自由地部署注意力。电生理学研究表明,在有意识的注意过程中,持续的神经活动会在每时每刻的基础上对有意识的注意决定产生偏差,这反映在大脑电活动的短暂模式中,这种模式预测了参与者随后将选择将注意力集中在哪里。脑成像研究表明,与提示注意相比,意志注意涉及额外的额叶皮质结构,该结构与人类大脑的经典注意控制网络相互作用,产生一个改进的网络组织,用于意志注意控制。在这篇关于意志注意的介绍中,我们简要回顾了自愿注意和自我发起运动的领域,以便描述意志注意及其与更广泛的注意和意志概念相关的神经关联。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Placing willed attention in context: a review of attention and free will
Attention is the ability to focus one's awareness on relevant events and objects while ignoring distracting ones. Laboratory studies of top-down voluntary attention commonly use predictive or instructional cues to direct attention. However, in real world scenarios, voluntary attention is not necessarily externally cued, but may be focused by internal, self-generated processes. The voluntary focusing of attention in the absence of external guidance has been referred to as “willed attention,” a term borrowed from the literature on willed motor actions. In a fashion similar to studies of willed (self-initiated) actions, during willed attention, participants are given the freedom to deploy attention based on their own free choices. Electrophysiological studies have shown that during willed attention, ongoing neural activity biases willed attention decisions on a moment-to-moment basis as reflected in transient patterns of brain electrical activity that predict where participants will later choose to focus their attention. Brain imaging studies have revealed that compared to cued attention, willed attention involves additional frontal cortical structures, which interact with the classic attentional control networks of the human brain to produce a modified network organization for willed attention control. In this introduction to willed attention, we briefly review the fields of voluntary attention and self-initiated motor actions, in order to describe willed attention and its neural correlates as they relate to the broader concepts of attention and volition.
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