Carolina Andonie, David M Alexander, Claire Greenwell, Annagrazia Puglisi, Brivael Laloux, Alba V Alonso-Tetilla, Gabriela Calistro Rivera, Chris Harrison, Ryan C Hickox, Melanie Kaasinen, Andrea Lapi, Iván E López, Grayson Petter, Cristina Ramos Almeida, David J Rosario, Francesco Shankar, Carolin Villforth
{"title":"核外的遮挡:红外类星体可以被埋在极度致密的星暴中","authors":"Carolina Andonie, David M Alexander, Claire Greenwell, Annagrazia Puglisi, Brivael Laloux, Alba V Alonso-Tetilla, Gabriela Calistro Rivera, Chris Harrison, Ryan C Hickox, Melanie Kaasinen, Andrea Lapi, Iván E López, Grayson Petter, Cristina Ramos Almeida, David J Rosario, Francesco Shankar, Carolin Villforth","doi":"10.1093/mnrasl/slad144","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the standard quasar model, the accretion disc obscuration is due to the canonical dusty torus. Here, we argue that a substantial part of the quasar obscuration can come from the interstellar medium (ISM) when the quasars are embedded in compact starbursts. We use an obscuration-unbiased sample of 578 infrared (IR) quasars at z ≈ 1–3 and archival Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array submillimetre host galaxy sizes to investigate the ISM contribution to the quasar obscuration. We calculate star formation rates (SFR) and ISM column densities for the IR quasars and a control sample of submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) not hosting quasar activity and show that: (1) the quasar obscured fraction is constant up to $\\rm SFR\\approx 300 \\: {\\rm M}_{\\odot } \\: yr^{-1}$, and then increases towards higher SFR, suggesting that the ISM obscuration plays a significant role in starburst host galaxies, and (2) at $\\rm SFR\\gtrsim 300 \\: {\\rm M}_{\\odot } \\: yr^{-1}$, the SMGs and IR quasars have similarly compact submillimetre sizes ($R_{\\rm e}\\approx 0.5{\\!-\\!}3\\,\\mathrm{ kpc}$) and consequently, the ISM can heavily obscure the quasar, even reaching Compton-thick ($N_{\\rm H}\\gt 10^{24} \\rm \\: cm^{-2}$) levels in extreme cases. Based on our results, we infer that ${\\approx} 10{\\!-\\!}30~{{ \\rm per\\ cent}}$ of the IR quasars with $\\rm SFR\\gtrsim 300 \\: {\\rm M}_{\\odot } \\: yr^{-1}$ are obscured solely by the ISM.","PeriodicalId":18951,"journal":{"name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Obscuration beyond the nucleus: infrared quasars can be buried in extreme compact starbursts\",\"authors\":\"Carolina Andonie, David M Alexander, Claire Greenwell, Annagrazia Puglisi, Brivael Laloux, Alba V Alonso-Tetilla, Gabriela Calistro Rivera, Chris Harrison, Ryan C Hickox, Melanie Kaasinen, Andrea Lapi, Iván E López, Grayson Petter, Cristina Ramos Almeida, David J Rosario, Francesco Shankar, Carolin Villforth\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/mnrasl/slad144\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"ABSTRACT In the standard quasar model, the accretion disc obscuration is due to the canonical dusty torus. Here, we argue that a substantial part of the quasar obscuration can come from the interstellar medium (ISM) when the quasars are embedded in compact starbursts. We use an obscuration-unbiased sample of 578 infrared (IR) quasars at z ≈ 1–3 and archival Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array submillimetre host galaxy sizes to investigate the ISM contribution to the quasar obscuration. We calculate star formation rates (SFR) and ISM column densities for the IR quasars and a control sample of submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) not hosting quasar activity and show that: (1) the quasar obscured fraction is constant up to $\\\\rm SFR\\\\approx 300 \\\\: {\\\\rm M}_{\\\\odot } \\\\: yr^{-1}$, and then increases towards higher SFR, suggesting that the ISM obscuration plays a significant role in starburst host galaxies, and (2) at $\\\\rm SFR\\\\gtrsim 300 \\\\: {\\\\rm M}_{\\\\odot } \\\\: yr^{-1}$, the SMGs and IR quasars have similarly compact submillimetre sizes ($R_{\\\\rm e}\\\\approx 0.5{\\\\!-\\\\!}3\\\\,\\\\mathrm{ kpc}$) and consequently, the ISM can heavily obscure the quasar, even reaching Compton-thick ($N_{\\\\rm H}\\\\gt 10^{24} \\\\rm \\\\: cm^{-2}$) levels in extreme cases. Based on our results, we infer that ${\\\\approx} 10{\\\\!-\\\\!}30~{{ \\\\rm per\\\\ cent}}$ of the IR quasars with $\\\\rm SFR\\\\gtrsim 300 \\\\: {\\\\rm M}_{\\\\odot } \\\\: yr^{-1}$ are obscured solely by the ISM.\",\"PeriodicalId\":18951,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters\",\"volume\":\"76 1\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-10-04\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slad144\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"Earth and Planetary Sciences\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slad144","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","Score":null,"Total":0}
Obscuration beyond the nucleus: infrared quasars can be buried in extreme compact starbursts
ABSTRACT In the standard quasar model, the accretion disc obscuration is due to the canonical dusty torus. Here, we argue that a substantial part of the quasar obscuration can come from the interstellar medium (ISM) when the quasars are embedded in compact starbursts. We use an obscuration-unbiased sample of 578 infrared (IR) quasars at z ≈ 1–3 and archival Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array submillimetre host galaxy sizes to investigate the ISM contribution to the quasar obscuration. We calculate star formation rates (SFR) and ISM column densities for the IR quasars and a control sample of submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) not hosting quasar activity and show that: (1) the quasar obscured fraction is constant up to $\rm SFR\approx 300 \: {\rm M}_{\odot } \: yr^{-1}$, and then increases towards higher SFR, suggesting that the ISM obscuration plays a significant role in starburst host galaxies, and (2) at $\rm SFR\gtrsim 300 \: {\rm M}_{\odot } \: yr^{-1}$, the SMGs and IR quasars have similarly compact submillimetre sizes ($R_{\rm e}\approx 0.5{\!-\!}3\,\mathrm{ kpc}$) and consequently, the ISM can heavily obscure the quasar, even reaching Compton-thick ($N_{\rm H}\gt 10^{24} \rm \: cm^{-2}$) levels in extreme cases. Based on our results, we infer that ${\approx} 10{\!-\!}30~{{ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the IR quasars with $\rm SFR\gtrsim 300 \: {\rm M}_{\odot } \: yr^{-1}$ are obscured solely by the ISM.
期刊介绍:
For papers that merit urgent publication, MNRAS Letters, the online section of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, publishes short, topical and significant research in all fields of astronomy. Letters should be self-contained and describe the results of an original study whose rapid publication might be expected to have a significant influence on the subsequent development of research in the associated subject area. The 5-page limit must be respected. Authors are required to state their reasons for seeking publication in the form of a Letter when submitting their manuscript.