Flexible Irregular-hexagonal CPW-fed Monopole Antenna with Windmill-shaped Fractals for Ultra-wideband Technology

—A novel flexible printed monopole antenna with a windmill-shaped fractal design, which is fed by co-planar waveguide (CPW) is presented in this manuscript for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. By integrating a modified windmill-shape fractal into the conventional irregular hexagonal-patch, the antenna achieves a significantly wider impedance bandwidth extending up to 156.6% across the frequency band of 1.37–11.25 GHz. Additionally, increasing the number of the windmill-shaped fractals leads to the emergence of further resonances. The overall dimensions of the designed antenna are 50 × 70 × 0 . 2 mm 3 , and it boasts an impressive bandwidth-dimension ratio (BDR) of 4457, showcasing exceptional efficiency in utilizing its compact size. The maximum gain reaches 4.8 dBi, while the radiation efficiency attains an impressive 98%. The modified windmill-shape fractal antenna design leverages the multifractal concept, providing monopole antennas with enhanced flexibility in controlling resonances and bandwidth. This manuscript offers a comprehensive presentation and discussion of the process used to improve the impedance bandwidth, shedding light on the antenna’s exceptional performance and capabilities.