美国高等教育中的化石燃料撤资:捐赠依赖和时间动态

IF 4.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Alexander R. Barron, Rachel C. Venator, Ella V. H. Carlson, Jane K. Andrews, Junwen Ding, David DeSwert
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引用次数: 0

摘要

自2011年以来,学生和其他人一直在敦促美国高等教育机构(HEIs)剥离对化石燃料生产行业的捐赠。在过去十年中,化石燃料撤资(FFD)已成为历史上增长最快的撤资运动,超过140家美国高等教育机构宣布了撤资承诺。我们对美国四年高等教育撤资公告(以及撤资拒绝)的各个阶段进行了定量分析,以更好地了解动态。公告开始(2012-2017年),一些学校剥离,随后是第二阶段,新的剥离公告放缓。第三阶段开始于2019年左右,撤资再次增加。在最初几年,正式拒绝撤资的情况与此类似,当时拒绝的情况更为普遍,代表着更多的捐赠价值,但随着一些学校改变了公开立场,这种情况有所下降。在我们的数据中,从化石燃料领域撤资的学校目前约占美国四年制高等教育的3%,占高等教育捐赠价值的39%。目前,与那些明确拒绝使用化石燃料的学校相比,与公开放弃化石燃料的学校相关的捐赠价值大约高出133%。尽管质量因素可能也很重要,但早期从所有化石燃料中撤资的几乎全部来自对捐赠的依赖相对较低的学校(来自捐赠的运营费用份额)。我们在撤资运动的不同变化理论的背景下讨论这些发现的含义。特别是,我们注意到,在我们的数据集中,99%的四年制高等教育机构(约占捐赠价值的95%)对其捐赠的依赖程度低于至少一家最近剥离的高等教育机构,这表明对大多数学校来说,大量捐赠或对捐赠的高度依赖不再是FFD的严格障碍。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Fossil fuel divestment in U.S. higher education: Endowment dependence and temporal dynamics
Since 2011, students and others have pushed U.S. higher education institutions (HEIs) to divest their endowments from fossil fuel producing industries. In the past decade, fossil fuel divestment (FFD) has become the fastest growing divestment movement in history, with over 140 U.S. HEIs announcing divestment commitments. We conduct a quantitative analysis of the phases of U.S. 4-year HEI divestment announcements (as well as rejections of divestment) to better understand the dynamics. Announcements began (2012–2017) with a number of schools divesting, followed by a second phase, where new divestment announcements slowed. The third phase, which began around 2019, showed a renewed increase in divestments. Formal rejections of divestment followed a similar pattern in the early years, where rejections were slightly more common and represented more endowment value but have declined as some schools reversed public positions. Schools that have divested from fossil fuels now represent roughly 3% of 4-year U.S. HEIs and 39% of HEI endowment value in our data. Roughly 133% more endowment value is now associated with U.S. schools that have publicly divested from fossil fuels than with those that have explicitly rejected it. Early divestments from all fossil fuels came nearly exclusively from schools with a relatively low endowment dependence (the share of operating expenses derived from the endowment) although qualitative factors were also likely important. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of different theories of change for the divestment movement. In particular, we note that 99% of 4-year HEIs representing roughly 95% of endowment value in our dataset are less dependent upon their endowment than at least one recently divested HEI, suggesting that large endowment or high dependence on endowment are no longer strict barriers to FFD for most schools.
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来源期刊
Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene
Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene Earth and Planetary Sciences-Atmospheric Science
CiteScore
6.90
自引率
5.10%
发文量
65
审稿时长
16 weeks
期刊介绍: A new open-access scientific journal, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene publishes original research reporting on new knowledge of the Earth’s physical, chemical, and biological systems; interactions between human and natural systems; and steps that can be taken to mitigate and adapt to global change. Elementa reports on fundamental advancements in research organized initially into six knowledge domains, embracing the concept that basic knowledge can foster sustainable solutions for society. Elementa is published on an open-access, public-good basis—available freely and immediately to the world.
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