Elephant seismicity: Ichnological and rock art perspectives from South Africa

An association between round or oval features and linear features has been noted in South African Pleistocene coastal deposits, in apparent association with elephant tracks. The round or oval features sometimes exhibit concentric rings, and the latter often comprise near-parallel grooves and ridges. In one case the concentric rings and parallel grooves are closely connected. Such an association requires interpretation, even if this remains hypothetical until further sites are identified. Elephants are the heaviest extant land mammals, and their capacity to impart substantial forces onto the substrates on which they tread is well documented. Such forces include a seismic component, and seismic communication between elephants has received considerable attention in recent decades. Comparisons with dinosaur tracks are instructive in interpreting the available ichnological evidence. In the absence of plausible alternatives, the possibility that the noted features represent an ichnological signature of elephant seismicity or seismic communication needs to be considered. The rock art record in southern Africa suggests that ancestral humans were aware of elephant seismic communication. A comprehensive approach to elephant seismicity can involve not just research into the habits of extant elephants, but also the rock art record and the trace fossil record. To illustrate these concepts, findings from South African trace fossil sites and rock art sites are presented.