中国契约劳工之争:容闳报告与清派秘鲁使团

IF 0.3 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR
Heidi Tinsman
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引用次数: 0

摘要

1874年,清政府官员派遣耶鲁大学毕业的特使容闳前往秘鲁调查中国雇工在种植园的情况。容闳的秘鲁之行与更为人所知的清朝对古巴华人的调查是平行的,但却几乎没有受到学术界的关注。根据新的档案证据,这篇文章提供了清派秘鲁使团及其官方调查结果的历史分析,就像1874年的原版英文译本“容闳报告”一样。我认为,容闳阐述了对秘鲁华人契约的多声音、跨文化和跨帝国的谴责。容闳是跨政治和文化体系的重要中间人。他策略性地动员美国、智利和中国线人的证词,并利用废奴主义者的话语将中国的合同劳工等同于非洲的奴隶。他谴责西方未能保证中国人民的自由原则,并向清政府施压,要求他们在拉丁美洲开设正式公使馆,以保护中国臣民。在秘鲁的中国工人有着不同的视角,他们的证词往往偏离了容闳的核心论点。中国的线人从不把合同劳动等同于奴隶制度。相反,他们谴责雇主未能履行现有的合同条款。此外,他们还提供了证据,证明中国人和非中国人之间的集体努力和联盟成功地迫使秘鲁当局保护中国工人。从整体上看,《容闳报告》既阐述了中国人对合同工的强烈谴责,也展示了中国人谈判合同条款的能力。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Contesting Chinese Contract Labor: Yung Wing's Reports and the Qing Mission to Peru
Abstract In 1874, government officials in Qing China sent a Yale-educated special envoy named Yung Wing to Peru to survey the conditions of Chinese contract workers on plantations. A parallel mission to the better-known Qing survey of Chinese in Cuba, Yung Wing's trip to Peru has received almost no scholarly attention. Drawing on new archival evidence, this essay provides a historical analysis of the Qing mission to Peru and its official findings, as rendered in the original, 1874 English-language translation, “Yung Wing's Reports.” I argue that Yung Wing elaborated a multivocal, cross-cultural, and transimperial condemnation of Chinese indenture in Peru. Yung Wing served as a crucial broker across political and cultural systems. He strategically mobilized testimonies from American, Chilean, and Chinese informants and deployed abolitionist discourse to equate Chinese contract labor with African slavery. Denouncing Western failures to guarantee liberal principles for Chinese people, he pressured Qing authorities to protect Chinese subjects by opening formal legations in Latin America. Chinese workers in Peru had a different perspective, and their testimonies often diverged from Yung Wing's core argument. Chinese informants never equated contract labor with chattel slavery. Instead, they denounced employer failure to fulfill existing contract terms. Moreover, they provided evidence of successful collective efforts and alliances between Chinese and non-Chinese people that pressured Peruvian authorities to defend Chinese workers. Taken as a whole, “Yung Wing Reports” both elaborates a powerful Chinese denunciation of contract labor and demonstrates Chinese ability to negotiate its terms.
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CiteScore
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