Outdoor stability testing of perovskite solar cells: Necessary step toward real-life applications

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies, due to their high efficiency, comparable to that of silicon solar cells. However, concerns about the stability of these devices remain, despite great progress achieved in recent years. To address these concerns, comprehensive investigations of their stability under realistic operating conditions are necessary. In this Perspective, we will discuss the outdoor testing of PSCs. We will first introduce degradation mechanisms relevant for intrinsic stability, as well as degradation mechanisms due to ambient exposure. Effective encapsulation of PSCs will then be discussed, followed by a summary of achieved progress and discussion of testing protocols and equipment to make outdoor testing more accessible. Finally, challenges and future outlook will be discussed.