Optimization of Copper Adsorption Process on Synthesized Porous Hydroxyapatite

Water pollution is a critical global issue that poses significant threats to eco-systems and human health. The contamination of water sources by various pollutants, such as heavy metals, chemicals, and organic compounds, has adverse impacts on the environment and public well-being. To address this challenge, adsorption has emerged as a promising solution. Utilizing adsorbent materials like hydroxyapatite (HAp), contaminants can be effectively removed from water through the adsorption process. HAp, derived from sustainable sources, serves as an eco-friendly adsorbent. Porous hydroxyapatite (p-HAp) was prepared us-ing the neutralization method of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ). p-HAp was characterized by using different methods such as BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The characterization of p-HAp by FTIR and XRD showed that the synthetic HAp has an apatite phase which is essential for the adsorption of heavy metals. The BET method is used for measuring the specific surface area of p-HAp. The adsorption process was studied using optimization by Design-Expert 11 software, with a quadratic model.