“多年的饥饿”;《奥瑞克斯·诺姆》:论中古第一时期和中王国早期埃及的耕地农业

Q3 Arts and Humanities
Arkadiy Demidchik
{"title":"“多年的饥饿”;《奥瑞克斯·诺姆》:论中古第一时期和中王国早期埃及的耕地农业","authors":"Arkadiy Demidchik","doi":"10.31857/s086919080024391-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the Egyptian history of the III–II millennium BC, most of written mentions of famines occurs from the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, and such really happened then more often than usual. The article points out some of the reasons for this and the grounds for the food security restoration in the XII dynasty. The newest data proves some deterioration of ecological conditions, to which arable farming was unable to adapt after the collapse of the Old Kingdom legal and economic order. For “private farms” that figure in the First Intermediate Period inscriptions, it was often difficult to formalize their rights to fertile lands and to gather seed grain, livestock, workers in the necessary short time. In the absence of an established grain market, but with prevalence of violence and robbery, even strong households often avoided expanding their plowing. Detrimental to arable farming was a flow of workers to other sectors of economy and the depopulation of the Middle Egypt. The cessation of the famines was caused not only by environmental improvement, but also by the restoration of peace and order in the country, and above all the implementation of the state economic regulation, including spreading and support of arable farming. Even in the times of crop failures, it preserved tillage wherever possible and quickly re-introduced it to the lands with restored fertility","PeriodicalId":39193,"journal":{"name":"Vostok (Oriens)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\""Years of Hunger" in the Orix Nome: on the Egyptian Arable Farming in the First Intermediate Period and Early Middle Kingdom\",\"authors\":\"Arkadiy Demidchik\",\"doi\":\"10.31857/s086919080024391-7\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Throughout the Egyptian history of the III–II millennium BC, most of written mentions of famines occurs from the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, and such really happened then more often than usual. The article points out some of the reasons for this and the grounds for the food security restoration in the XII dynasty. The newest data proves some deterioration of ecological conditions, to which arable farming was unable to adapt after the collapse of the Old Kingdom legal and economic order. For “private farms” that figure in the First Intermediate Period inscriptions, it was often difficult to formalize their rights to fertile lands and to gather seed grain, livestock, workers in the necessary short time. In the absence of an established grain market, but with prevalence of violence and robbery, even strong households often avoided expanding their plowing. Detrimental to arable farming was a flow of workers to other sectors of economy and the depopulation of the Middle Egypt. The cessation of the famines was caused not only by environmental improvement, but also by the restoration of peace and order in the country, and above all the implementation of the state economic regulation, including spreading and support of arable farming. Even in the times of crop failures, it preserved tillage wherever possible and quickly re-introduced it to the lands with restored fertility\",\"PeriodicalId\":39193,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Vostok (Oriens)\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-01-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Vostok (Oriens)\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080024391-7\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"Arts and Humanities\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Vostok (Oriens)","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080024391-7","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"Arts and Humanities","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

摘要

纵观公元前三至二千年的埃及历史,大多数关于饥荒的文字记载都发生在第一中间时期到中王国初期,而且这种情况比平时发生得更频繁。文章指出了造成这一现象的一些原因,以及十二朝粮食安全恢复的依据。最新的数据证明了一些生态条件的恶化,在旧王国的法律和经济秩序崩溃后,耕地农业无法适应。对于第一中间时期铭文中的“私人农场”来说,通常很难将他们对肥沃土地的权利正式化,也很难在必要的短时间内收集种子、牲畜和工人。由于缺乏成熟的粮食市场,而暴力和抢劫又普遍存在,即使是实力雄厚的家庭也常常避免扩大耕种面积。对耕地农业不利的是工人流向其他经济部门和中埃及人口的减少。饥荒的停止不仅是由于环境的改善,而且由于恢复了国家的和平与秩序,最重要的是由于实施了国家经济管制,包括推广和支持耕种农业。即使在作物歉收的时候,只要有可能,它就保留耕作,并迅速将其重新引入恢复肥力的土地
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
"Years of Hunger" in the Orix Nome: on the Egyptian Arable Farming in the First Intermediate Period and Early Middle Kingdom
Throughout the Egyptian history of the III–II millennium BC, most of written mentions of famines occurs from the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, and such really happened then more often than usual. The article points out some of the reasons for this and the grounds for the food security restoration in the XII dynasty. The newest data proves some deterioration of ecological conditions, to which arable farming was unable to adapt after the collapse of the Old Kingdom legal and economic order. For “private farms” that figure in the First Intermediate Period inscriptions, it was often difficult to formalize their rights to fertile lands and to gather seed grain, livestock, workers in the necessary short time. In the absence of an established grain market, but with prevalence of violence and robbery, even strong households often avoided expanding their plowing. Detrimental to arable farming was a flow of workers to other sectors of economy and the depopulation of the Middle Egypt. The cessation of the famines was caused not only by environmental improvement, but also by the restoration of peace and order in the country, and above all the implementation of the state economic regulation, including spreading and support of arable farming. Even in the times of crop failures, it preserved tillage wherever possible and quickly re-introduced it to the lands with restored fertility
求助全文
通过发布文献求助,成功后即可免费获取论文全文。 去求助
来源期刊
Vostok (Oriens)
Vostok (Oriens) Arts and Humanities-History
CiteScore
0.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
25
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信