森林防护林带对作物近缘带春小麦发育的影响

A.S. MANAENKOV, P.M. PODGAETSKAYA, V.S. POPOV
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引用次数: 0

摘要

防护林系统是农业领土持久的生态框架。其主要功能是防止耕地土壤退化,改善农田小气候,保持景观的稳定性和生物多样性。然而,森林带的存在使田间耕作复杂化,并且沿着森林带的边界可能形成作物生长的洼地,从而降低土地的生产力。这妨碍了田间保护性造林,从而妨碍了可靠保护土地资源问题的解决。本研究旨在探讨农藓抑郁带形成的原因和规律,探讨抑制其发展的可能性和方法。本研究以30 ~ 53年树龄的白桦(Betula pendula ROTH)、银松(Pinus silvestris L.)、榆(Ulmus laevis PALL) 2 ~ 4排林带为研究对象,进行了8年的试验生产系统研究。库伦达草原(阿尔泰地区)自同构板栗土上的其他物种,采用普遍接受的方法。结果表明,相对稀疏的桦木和松木林带和边缘有干生灌木的林带(风、背风两侧共3 ~ 7 m)的抑制带宽度最小,榆树和杨树(Populus laurifolia LEDEB.)的抑制带宽度最大(达25 ~ 30 m),即树冠浓密的水生高大树种人工林。林带背风面宽1 ~ 3米,冬季积雪较多,春季土壤湿度较好。林分高度和密度的增加,影响了白天土壤遮阳的长度和强度,刺激了区域的扩大。丰水年作物歉收更明显。在寒冷季节,以及在生长季节开始和收获季节期间,直到稳定的寒冷天气开始,大气降水的增加也有助于这种变化。在大田作物生长期,丰沛的降水抑制了洼地的发展。因此,林荫林中复合植被抑制带的形成是由多种因素决定的。在干旱条件下,最有效的因子是林分对土壤水分的需求和水分有效性。树木根系在田间最活跃的扩张和对作物的抑制发生在湿润的年份和土壤湿度高的时期,在没有大田作物竞争或竞争减弱的情况下。为了减少对其生产力的损害,必须执行一套协调的组织、造林和农业技术措施,目的是增加水分供应和限制野外林带树根系统的扩大。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
IMPACT OF FOREST SHELTER BELTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPRING WHEAT IN THE NEAR-EDGE ZONE OF CROPS
The system of shelterbelt forests is a long-lasting ecological framework of an agrarian territory. Their main function is to prevent the degradation of arable soils, improve the microclimate of fields, and preserve the stability and biological diversity of landscape. However, the presence of forest belts complicates field cultivation, and along their borders zones (strips) of depression in crop development could formed, reducing the productivity of lands. This impedes field-protective afforestation, and, consequently, the solution of the problem of reliable protection of land resources. The aim of the work is to establish the causes and regularities of formation of depressive zones in agrocenoses, and to determine the possibility and methods of suppressing their development. The research has been conducted for 8 years in the experimental-production system of 30 to 53-year old 2 to 4-row forest belts of Betula pendula ROTH, Pinus silvestris L., Ulmus laevis PALL. and other species on the automorphic chestnut soil of the Kulunda steppe (the Altai territory) by the generally accepted methods. It was found that the depressive zone in agrocenoses is the least wide for relatively sparse forest belts of birch and pine, and also for forest belts with marginal rows of xerophytic shrubs (3-7 m in total on windward and leeward sides), and the largest (up to 25-30 m) for elm and poplar (Populus laurifolia LEDEB.), i. e. for plantations of hydrophylous tall species with dense crowns. It is 1-3 m wider on the leeward side of forest belts, where more snow is deposited in winter and soil moisture is better in spring. The increase in height and density of stands, influencing the length and intensity of day-time soil shading, stimulates the expansion of the zone. Crop depression is more pronounced in wet years. The increased amount of atmospheric precipitation during the cold season, as well as at the beginning of the growing season and during the reaping season till the onset of stable cold weather also contributes to it. The development of depressive zones is suppressed by abundant precipitation during the period of active growth of field crops. Thus, the formation of depressive zone in agrocenoses of shelterbelt forests depends on many factors. Under arid conditions, the most effective factors are the need for soil moisture and moisture availability for the stand. The most active expansion of the tree root system in the field and the suppression of crops occur in wet years and during the periods with high soil moisture in the absence or weakened competition of field crops. To reduce damage to their productivity, it is necessary to implement a set of coordinated organizational, silvicultural and agrotechnological measures aimed at increasing moisture availability and limiting the expansion of tree root system of forest belts in the field.
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