Professional identity, prestige and the side hustles of lunacy doctors in New South Wales, 1879–1898

AbstractThis article uses the New South Wales Lunacy Department between 1879 and 1898 as a case study to analyse the professional identity of doctors in colonial Australia. Various scholars have suggested that British and American lunacy doctors were secretive, anti-social, and out of step with the latest ideas in medical treatment. I argue that in NSW between 1879 and 1898 asylum physicians willingly engaged in the performance of masculine, middle-class roles, outside the asylum walls, to maintain their medical authority and social status in colonial Sydney.Keywords: Medical authoritycolonial psychiatryreputationprofessional identity AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Tanya Evans for her encouragement to write this article, and for her detailed subsequent feedback. I am also grateful to Mark Hearn who offered valuable suggestions in response to my early drafts. Thank you also to the anonymous reviewers for their feedback and advice, and the NSW State Archives and Records Authority (SARA) for permission to make use of their records.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1 Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (New York: Anchor Books, 1961), 4.2 Gerald N. Grob, The Mad Among Us: A History of the Care of America’s Mentally Ill (New York: The Free Press, 1994), 55.3 An Act to Consolidate and Amend the Law Relating to the Insane, 42 Vic, no. 7, 4 February 1879.4 The permeability of asylum walls in Australia has been considered by various scholars, but more often than not with a focus on patients, families and the general public rather than the staff. See, for example, David Wright, ‘Re-placing the Lunatic Asylum in the History of Madness’, History Australia 19, no. 1 (2022): 161–76; Catharine Coleborne, Madness in the Family: Insanity and Institutions in the Australasian Colonial World, 1860–1914 (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Stephen Garton, ‘Seeking Refuge: Why Asylum Facilities Might Still Be Relevant for Mental Health Care Services Today’, Health and History 11, no. 1 (2009): 25–45; Mark Finnane, ‘The Ruly and the Unruly: Isolation and Inclusion in the Management of the Insane’, in Isolation, Places and Practices of Exclusion, ed. Caroline Strange and Alison Bashford (London: Routledge, 2003), 88; Catharine Coleborne, ‘Space, Power and Gender in the Asylum in Victoria, 1850s–1870s’, in ‘Madness’ in Australia: Histories, Heritage and the Asylum, ed. Catharine Coleborne and Dolly MacKinnon (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2003), 49–60.5 Andrew Scull, Charlotte MacKenzie and Nicholas Hervey, Masters of Bedlam: The Transformation of the Mad-Doctoring Trade (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996), 6–7. See also Mary Jeanne Peterson, The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian London (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 206–7, 215.6 Richard Russell, ‘The Lunacy Profession and Its Staff in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century with Special Reference to the West Riding Lunatic Asylum’, in The Anatomy of Madness, Vol. III: The Asylum and Its Psychiatry, ed. W.F. Bynum, Roy Porter and Michael Shepherd (London: Routledge, 1988), 297–315.7 Scull et al., Masters of Bedlam, 8.8 Andrew Scull, Desperate Remedies: Psychiatry’s Turbulent Quest to Cure Mental Illness (Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2022), 4. See also Russell, ‘The Lunacy Profession’. For a similar, earlier, argument, see Andrew T. Scull, ‘Mad-Doctors and Magistrates: English Psychiatry’s Struggle for Professional Autonomy in the Nineteenth Century’, European Journal of Sociology 17, no. 2 (1976): 279–305, where Scull also suggests that asylum physicians delegated work to attendants in order to distance themselves as far as possible from the actual patients while yet remaining in the institution (298).9 Scull, Desperate Remedies, 4–5.10 Ann Macintosh, ed., Memoirs of Dr Robert Scot Skirving, 1859–1956 (Darlinghurst: Mead & Beckett, 1988), 153.11 M.J. Lewis, The People’s Health: Public Health in Australia, 1788–1950 (Connecticut: Praeger, 2003), 71–72.12 Macintosh, Memoirs of Dr Robert Scot Skirving, 151.13 Stephen Garton, ‘The Scales of Suffering: Love, Death and Victorian Masculinity’, Social History 27, no. 1 (2002): 41.14 John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 141–42.15 Linda Young, Middle-Class Culture in the Nineteenth Century: America, Australia and Britain (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 63–65.16 Anne Digby, Making a Medical Living: Doctors and Patients in the English Market for Medicine, 1720–1911 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 36.17 Eliot Freidson, Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge (New York: Dodd, Mean & Company, 1970), 73–74.18 Manning complained in a private letter to Sir Henry Parkes in approximately 1892 that his salary was less than the heads of Lunacy Departments in other Australian colonies (who generally received about £1200) and made him the least well-paid head of any NSW public service department: ‘Parkes, Sir Henry – Correspondence’, CY Reel 46, Vol. 24, A894, Item 404-6, Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales (SLNSW), Sydney. See also the incredulity of Charles P.B. Clubbe, ‘Presidential Address’ (Annual Meeting of the NSW Branch of the British Medical Association), Australasian Medical Gazette (AMG) 17 (1898): 139.19 For example, Dr Chisholm Ross cited his low, static salary as his chief reason for his shift from the public service to private practice in 1903. See ‘Colonial Secretary’s Main Series of Letters Received’, NRS 905, 03.11194 (Box 5/6745), NSW State Archives and Records Authority (SARA), Sydney.20 NSW Government Gazette, 6 May 1899, 3703.21 ‘Colonial Secretary’s Main Series of Letters Received’, NRS 905, 63/3528 (Box 4/504), SARA. See also R. McWhirter, ‘“Lymph or Liberty”: Responses to Smallpox Vaccination in the Eastern Australian Colonies’ (PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, 2008).22 Chisholm Ross, ‘Thirty Years: A Retrospect’, Australasian Medical Congress (Formerly the Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia). Transactions of the Tenth Session, Held in Auckland, New Zealand, February, 1914 (Wellington: John Mackay, Government Printer, 1916), 672–79. It seems that Manning originally made this his job when he arrived at Gladesville in 1868, and then made it a part of the assistant medical officers’ role. See F.N. Manning, Address Delivered on Resigning Charge as Medical Superintendent of the Hospitals for the Insane at Gladesville and Callan Park (Sydney: Gibbs, Shallard, & Co, 1879?), 3.23 Karen M. Odden, ‘“Able and intelligent medical men meeting together”: The Victorian Railway Crash, Medical Jurisprudence, and the Rise of Medical Authority’, Journal of Victorian Culture 8, no. 1 (2003): 33–54. Compare this with the suspicion levelled at psychiatrists in American courtrooms in Ian Robert Dowbiggin, Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada, 1880–1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 29. See also Roger Smith, Trial by Medicine: Insanity and Responsibility in Victorian Trials (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981).24 For example, Manning: ‘The Condemned Man Johns’, Daily Telegraph, 14 July 1885, 5; Blaxland: Sydney Morning Herald, 14 November 1889, 4; Manning/Sinclair: ‘Medico-Ethical and Medico-Legal’, AMG 22 (1903): 274–75.25 Manning as honorary secretary: ‘Prince Alfred Hospital’, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 May 1885, 8; examples of his work as honorary secretary included reporting in meetings on the tender process for repairs to PAH, details of nurses who had passed their examinations, letters from the mayor, requests for leave from PAH staff (see, for example, ‘Prince Alfred Hospital’, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 July 1886, 7); Manning’s election as a director of PAH: ‘Prince Alfred Hospital’, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 November 1887, 9; member of the house committee: ‘Meetings’, Sydney Morning Herald, 17 April 1888, 4.26 Temporary member of the Police Medical Board: ‘Government Gazette’, Daily Telegraph, 11 December 1889, 7; director at Carrington: AMG 22 (1903): 385; director of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States: ‘Obituary’, British Medical Journal 2, no. 2222 (1 August 1903): 279–82.27 Manning’s appointment as President of the BOH, and Emigration Officer in March 1889: NSW Government Gazette, 8 March 1889, 1824; Manning’s appointment as Medical Adviser to the Government: ‘Government Gazette’, Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, 16 March 1889, 548; Manning’s resignation as Health and Emigration Officer for the Port of Sydney in December 1892: NSW Government Gazette, 16 December 1892, 9880. When Manning resigned due to ill health (AMG 12 [1893]: 20) the Lancet announced, wrongly, that he had in fact died, and later corrected the error: see Lancet, 11 February 1893, 315; 18 February 1893, 376; 29 April 1893, 1036.28 NSW Blue Book 1889 (Sydney: Thomas Richards, Government Printer, 1889), 32.29 ‘Salary Register’, NRS 610 (3/5620), SARA. See, for example, folio 1.30 NSW Blue Book 1889, 68.31 ‘Parkes, Sir Henry – Correspondence’, CY Reel 46, Vol. 24, A894, Item 404-6, SLNSW.32 ‘Parliament of New South Wales. Legislative Assembly’, Sydney Morning Herald, 7 November 1894, 5.33 For the salary for board members, see (for example) ‘Salary Register’, NRS 610 (3/5620), folio 33, SARA. For Manning’s appointment to the board, see NSW Government Gazette, 16 December 1892, 9880.34 For Dr Miles’ salary, see ‘Salary Register’, NRS 610 (3/5620), folio 1, SARA. For Dr Williamson’s dual role, see NSW Government Gazette, 16 August 1889, 5603. For Dr Ross’s dual role, see ‘Superintendent of the Hospital for Insane’, Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners’ Advocate, 23 September 1891, 8.35 ‘Minutes of Proceedings [Board of Health]’, NRS 587 (5/4936), SARA.36 ‘New South Wales’, Mercury, 25 October 1890, 3; ‘Discoloration of the Harbor Water’, Daily Telegraph, 10 April 1891, 3; ‘Cholera. Precautions in Sydney’, South Australian Register, 1 September 1892, 5.37 ‘General Regulations and Precedent Book’, NRS 595 (5/5852), SARA.38 Lancet, 27 July 1889, 182; ‘Compulsory Vaccination’, Evening News, 23 September 1889, 3.39 NSW Blue Book 1891, 69.40 ‘University of Sydney’, Sydney Morning Herald, 7 August 1886, 6; ‘University of Sydney’, Daily Telegraph, 22 September 1887, 2. Instruction in psychological medicine was at this time an unusual part of tertiary studies; see W.S. Dawson, ‘Medical Education in Psychiatry in Australia’, Medical Journal of Australia 2 (1946): 721–30; M.J. Lewis, ‘Medicine in Colonial Australia, 1788–1900’, Medical Journal of Australia 201, no. 1 (2014): s5–s10.41 NSW Blue Book 1887, 206.42 ‘University of Sydney’, Sydney Morning Herald, 7 May 1889, 9; ‘University of Sydney’, Daily Telegraph, 4 December 1888, 4; ‘University of Sydney’, Sydney Morning Herald, 15 April 1890, 3; ‘University of Sydney’, Sydney Morning Herald, 5 May 1891, 3.43 Manning in particular was an examiner for most of his time in NSW (see various NSW Blue Books). For examination papers, see, for example, Sydney University Calendar 1887 (Sydney: Gibbs, Shallard & Co, 1887), cxxx; Sydney University Calendar 1888, cxxx; Sydney University Calendar 1889, cxxxv.44 For example, Manning earned £10 in 1891. NSW Blue Book 1891, 227.45 For example, Journal of Mental Science (JMS) 36 (1890): 278.46 One of the medals is held at ‘Item 0706: Awards, Lunacy Dept [Department], Norton Manning Prize, 1906–1908’, Call No SAFE/DN/M 706, SLNSW.47 Eric Sinclair, ‘Appendix A’, in F.N. Manning, ‘Inspector General of the Insane (Report for 1889)’, NSW Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings (NSWLAV&P) 1890, Vol. 7, 240.48 Manning, ‘Inspector-General of the Insane (Report for 1888)’ and Manning, ‘Inspector-General of the Insane (Report for 1889)’.49 Sinclair: NRS 13340-1-[20/1033]-Pre A 12373, Eric Sinclair, SARA; Ross: ‘Prince Alfred Hospital’, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 March 1891, 3; Manning: ‘Lecture’, Sydney Morning Herald, 24 July 1886, 16.50 Report of the Council of the Australasian Trained Nurses’ Association (Sydney: PAH, 1900?), 2. Manning’s active work for the ATNA can be seen in ‘ATNA. Minutes Book, 1899–1905’, ML MSS, 4144, Box 34, SLNSW; ‘Australasian Trained Nurses Association (ATNA). Minutes of Preliminary Meetings, 1899–1905’, ML MSS, 4144, Box 37, SLNSW. As a gauge of the importance of Manning’s acceptance of the position of president, he was publicly thanked by the president of the NSWBMA (see AMG 19 [1900]: 136–73).51 Tosh, A Man’s Place, 132.52 Ibid.53 Ibid., 134.54 Ibid., 141–42.55 Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes, Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780–1850 (Oxon: Routledge, 2019), 416, 419.56 AMG 3 (October 1883–September 1884): 62. For attendance, see, for example, AMG 7 (October 1887–September 1888): 283.57 Elected as honorary member: AMG 4 (October 1884–September 1885): 73. Membership from 1871: JMS 40 (1894): viii. Drs Sinclair, Ross and Blaxland were all elected members in 1888; see JMS 33 (1888): 630–44. Dr Miles had previously joined in 1883. JMS 40 (1894): ix.58 AMG 9 (October 1889–September 1890): 227; AMG 19 (1900): 520.59 AMG 12 (1893): 164; AMG 15 (1896): 197.60 AMG 4 (October 1884–September 1885): 20–23.61 AMG 17 (1898): 546–47.62 See J.R. Angel, The Australian Club 1838–1988: The First 150 Years (Sydney: John Ferguson, 2010).63 AMG 1 (October 1881–September 1882): 106; AMG 4 (October 1884–September 1885): 207.64 P.J. Tyler, ‘Science for Gentlemen – The Royal Society of New South Wales in the Nineteenth Century’, Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales (JRSNSW) 143 (2010): 29–43.65 Ibid., 38–39.66 Chairman (for example): ‘General News’, Daily Telegraph, 19 July 1884, 6. Examples of publications: F.N. Manning, ‘Ten Years at Gladesville’, JRSNSW 13 (1879): 213–25; F.N. Manning, ‘The Causation and Prevention of Insanity’, JRSNSW 14 (1880): 340–55; F.N. Manning, ‘Is Insanity Increasing?’, JRSNSW 15 (1881): 399–407; F.N. Manning, ‘Medical Certificates of Insanity’, JRSNSW 17 (1883): 266–77; F.N. Manning, ‘Cases of Mental Disturbances after Injury to the Head, with Particular Reference to Loss of Memory’, JRSNSW 18 (1884): 181–88; F.N. Manning, ‘A Contribution to the Study of Heredity’, JRSNSW 19 (1885): 197–204.67 AMG 3 (October 1883–September 1884): 180; AMG 1 (October 1881–September 1882): 109.68 AMG 4 (October 1884–September 1885): 207; AMG 5 (October 1885–September 1886): 210.69 ‘Royal Society’, Daily Telegraph, 25 June 1884, 6; ‘Annual Meeting of the Royal Society of New South Wales’, Sydney Morning Herald, 5 May 1887, 4.70 AMG 4 (October 1884–September 1885): 70.71 AMG 3 (October 1883–September 1884): 255; AMG 12 (1893): 414.72 The journal was The Australasian Nurses’ Journal: The Journal of the Australasian Trained Nurses’ Association. For the benevolent fund, see Lancet, 21 September 1901, 822.73 Lancet, 20 September 1884, 515; Lancet, 18 November 1893, 1267–68; Lancet, 19 August 1899, 518. The American Journal of Insanity (AJI) appears to have received a copy of most (if not all) of Manning’s annual reports both as medical superintendent of Gladesville and later Inspector General of the Insane. Many of these were reviewed by the journal, but not all. See, for example, AJI 36 (1879–1880), no. 1: 129; AJI 47 (1890–1891), no. 2: 270–71; AJI 48 (1891–1892), no. 2: 274–75; AJI 51 (1894–1895), no. 1: 93–94. The journal also reviewed other of Manning’s papers (e.g. AJI 46 (1888–1889), no. 4: 549–50). Manning published several original papers in the JMS: for example, F. Manning, ‘Statistics of Insanity in Australia’, JMS 24 (1879): 165–77; F. Manning, ‘Sane or Insane’, JMS 31 (1885): 355–60; D. Tuke and F. Manning, ‘Australian Retrospect’, JMS 36 (1890): 276–78.74 F.N. Manning, ‘Australia, Provision for Insane in’, in A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine, Giving the Definition, Etymology and Synonyms of the Terms Used in Medical Psychology with the Symptoms, Treatment, and Pathology of Insanity and the Law of Lunacy in Great Britain and Ireland, ed. D. Hack Tuke (London: J & A Churchill, 1892), 110–14.75 Chisholm Ross, ‘Statistics of Insanity in New South Wales Considered with Reference to the Census of 1891’, AJI 50 (1893–1894), no. 1: 11–20. Williamson’s book (Sydney: Thomas Richard, Government Printer, 1885) is discussed by Manning in ‘Inspector-General of the Insane (Report for 1887)’, 644–45.76 Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia. Transactions of Second Session, Held in Melbourne, Victoria, January, 1889 (Melbourne: Stillwell and Co, 1889), 889.77 AMG 5 (October 1885–September 1886): 206.78 For example, F.N. Manning, ‘Is Insanity Increasing?’, AMG 1 (October 1881–September 1882): 1–3; ‘A Disputed Case of Insanity’, AMG 1 (October 1881–September 1882): 119–21; ‘Salicine, Hallucinations From’, AMG 3 (October 1883–September 1884): 28–30; ‘Cases of Mental Disturbance After Injury to the Head, With Particular Reference to Loss of Memory’, AMG 3 (October 1883–September 1884): 217–22; ‘A Contribution to the Study of Heredity’, AMG 4 (October 1884–September 1885): 264–68.79 Thanks from New Zealand: AMG 1 (October 1881–September 1882): 138; Dr Muskett: AMG 3 (October 1883–September 1884): 12–13; Dr O’Connor, for advice on suicides: AMG 3 (October 1883–September 1884): 145–46, 154; Manning’s involvement in a committee to research carica papayn as a medical agent: AMG 4 (October 1884–September 1885): 98; collaboration with Dr Rennie on sporadic cretinism: AMG 9 (October 1889–September 1890): 325; Manning’s discussion of his own personal safety in response to Dr Knagg’s paper on human fallibility: AMG 15 (1896): 362; Manning’s keenness to discuss inebriates after reading his paper: AMG 18 (1899): 250, 257, 308.80 Transactions of the Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia, First Session Held in Adelaide, South Australia, August–September, 1887 (Adelaide: Vardon and Pritchard, 1888).81 JMS: extracts were published in D. Hack Tuke, ‘Colonial Retrospect’, JMS 35 (1889): 124–27 and the full address in JMS 35 (1889): 149–78, where the editors noted that ‘it is as a whole so valuable a production we have decided to print it in extenso’. See also AMG 8 (October 1888–September 1889): 83–92.82 Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia. Transactions of Second Session, Held in Melbourne, Victoria, January, 1889, 829.83 These papers were reviewed for some time in the regular press, for example, ‘Intercolonial Medical Congress’, Evening Journal, 11 January 1889, 3; ‘The Treatment of the Insane’, Daily Northern Argus, 3 March 1891, 2.84 ‘Medical Tomfoolery’, Australian Star, 9 January 1889, 4; J.J. Flynn, MB, MCh, ‘Lunacy in New South Wales (To the Editor of the Advocate)’, Advocate, 12 January 1889, 11; Sydney Morning Herald, 12 January 1889, 13; ‘Answers to Correspondents’, Freeman's Journal, 19 January 1889, 12; Andrew Ross, MD, ‘Madman or Bigot (To the Editor)’, Freeman's Journal, 19 January 1889, 15.85 Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia. Transactions of the Third Session, Held in Sydney, New South Wales, September, 1892 (Sydney: Charles Potter, 1893).86 Manning also entertained guests at the Australian Club: AMG 11 (October 1891–December 1892): 382.87 ‘Conversazione at the Great Hall of the University’, Sydney Morning Herald, 1 October 1892, 7; ‘Medical Congress’, Evening News, 1 October 1892, 7.88 ‘The Lazaret at Little Bay’, Sydney Morning Herald, 30 September 1892, 3; ‘Medical Congress’, Evening News, 1 October 1892, 7.89 Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia. Transactions of the Fourth Session, Held in Dunedin, New Zealand, February, 1896 (Dunedin: The Otago Daily Times and Witness Newspapers Company, Limited, 1897).90 Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia. Transactions of the Fifth Session Held in Brisbane, Queensland, September, 1899 (Brisbane: E. Gregory, 1901).91 For Williamson, see ‘Fortunate Escape’, Evening News, 25 April 1889, 5. Dr Blaxland: ‘The Levee’, Evening News, 28 May 1895, 5; ‘Garden Party at Government House’, Daily Telegraph, 24 June 1895, 3; ‘Garden Party at Government House’, Daily Telegraph, 7 October 1896, 6; ‘The “At Home”’, Daily Telegraph, 6 June 1896, 11.92 ‘Civil and Military Gathering at Sir George Dibbs’s’, Sydney Morning Herald, 20 September 1897, 3. See also: ‘Banquet to Dr MacLaurin’, Evening News, 15 April 1890, 2.93 ‘The Burns Centenary. Highland Society and Burns Club Supper’, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 23 July 1896, 4; ‘Social Events of the Week’, Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, 10 October 1896, 759; ‘Goulburn Volunteers’, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 13 October 1896, 3; ‘Tirranna Turf Club Ball’, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 16 January 1897, 2; ‘A Liedertafel Serenade’, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 15 April 1897, 4; ‘Dance at the Kenmore Asylum’, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 24 June 1897, 4; ‘Highland Society Dinner’, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 24 July 1897, 4.94 Young, Middle-Class Culture in the Nineteenth Century, 54–55.95 Ibid., 56.96 Ibid., 61–62.97 Ibid., 63–65.98 Ibid., 65.99 John Tosh, ‘Masculinities in an Industrializing Society: Britain, 1800–1914’, Journal of British Studies 44, no. 2 (2005): 330–42.100 ‘Colonel Reginald Jeffery Millard and Margaret Alice Millard Diaries’, Call No ML MSS 11105/Box 1, 1887–1902, SLNSW.101 Manning: Cumberland Mercury, 17 May 1879, 4; Blaxland: ‘New Magistrates’, Freeman's Journal, 8 August 1885, 8; Sinclair: ‘New Magistrates’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 September 1887, 8; Williamson: Sydney Morning Herald, 12 May 1896, 4; Ross: ‘List of Gentlemen Appointed to the Commission of the Peace’, Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales, 13 November 1914, 6811.102 F.J. Smith, Manual for Justices of the Peace in New South Wales (Sydney: John Sands Printer and Publisher, 1896), i–xxxi.103 Manning subscribed to the ‘Gazette Fund’ (AMG 14 [1895]: 34), requested some of his ATNA resignation gift be donated to the nurses’ benevolent fund (‘ATNA. Minutes Book, 1899–1905’, ML MSS, 4144, Box 34, 164), donated to the memorial fund for deceased colleague Dr Huxtable (AMG 14 [1895]: 385), donated to the Medical Benevolent Fund of NSW (AMG 18 [1899]: 405; AMG 19 [1900]: 245), and subscribed to the NSW Medical Union (AMG 19 [1900]: 168). Drs Ross and Miles subscribed to the Hack Tuke Memorial (JMS 42 [1896]: 238).104 ‘House and Lobby’, Evening News, 22 May 1896, 6.105 ‘Frederic Norton Manning – Date of Death 18/06/1903, Place of Residence Sydney’, NRS 13660-5-383-Series 4_28758, SARA.106 ‘Herbert Blaxland – Late of Gladesville Near Sydney – Duty Paid Date 13/07/1904’, NRS 13340-6-387 [AF00124430], SARA; ‘Edwin Godson – Date of Death 24/05/1919, Granted on 12/12/1919’, NRS 13660-7-1074-Series 4_98255, SARA; ‘Chisholm Ross – Date of Death 06/10/1934, Granted on 15/02/1935’, NRS 13660-15-2009-Series 4_201909, SARA; ‘Eric Sinclair’, NRS 13340-1-[20/1033]-Pre A 12373, SARA; ‘Williamson, William Cotter’, NRS 13340-1-[20/3518]-A 80659, SARA.Additional informationNotes on contributorsSarah LukeSarah Luke is a PhD candidate at Macquarie University. Her thesis focuses on the life of nineteenth-century psychiatrist Dr Frederic Norton Manning, with a particular emphasis on the development of colonial medical power, and authority, within both medicine generally and psychiatry specifically. Sarah’s first book, Callan Park, Hospital for the Insane (2018) was shortlisted for the 2019 NSW Premier’s History Award. Her second book, Like a Wicked Noah’s Ark: The Nautical School Ships Vernon & Sobraon, was published in 2020.