Assessment of Ocean Temperature Trends for the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine Using 22 CMIP6 Earth System Models

This study examined the results of 22 CMIP6 (Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 6) Earth System Model (ESM) simulations for four regions on the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine. A comparison between the historical simulations from the CMIP6 ESMs with observational sea surface and bottom temperature (SST, BT) data demonstrates that the eddy-permitting ESMs do not perform better than coarse-resolution non-eddy permitting models in terms of long-term trends. Eddy-permitting ESMs reduce model SST bias but not BT bias. In general, the 22 CMIP6 ESMs show limited skill for historical BT simulations in these shelf regions. Climate projections under ssp (Shared Socio-economic Pathways)245 and ssp370 for the 2020–2049 period suggest that the largest seasonal SST increase will occur in summer for both the Scotian Shelf and the Gulf of Maine. Under both climate scenarios, the SST of the Scotian Shelf (Gulf of Maine) increases by 1.2–1.8 °C (1.4–1.7 °C) for the 2040–2049 period relative to 1995–2014, and bottom temperature increases by 1.2–1.6°C (1.3–1.4 °C) for the same period. For SST, five models exhibit abnormally warm projections. The ESMs’ performance against observations suggest the SST changes are probably underestimated, while the BT changes are likely overestimated.