灰口铸铁力学性能的预测(概率法)

К.A. Sirenko, V.L. Mazur
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摘要

本文分析了有关灰口铸铁铸件力学性能(抗拉强度、硬度等)与化学元素含量、碳当量、共晶度、碳硅比的关系的文献。以片状石墨铸铁的力学性能评价为例,从概率的角度考虑了这些相关性。需要强调的是,即使在标准或规范中规定的铸铁中化学元素的百分比相同的范围内,其碳当量、共晶性和碳硅含量的比值也可能不同。另一方面,不同化学元素在铸铁成分中的比例不同,其碳当量的值可能是相同的。结果表明,关于铸件的硬度与灰铸铁的碳当量之间是否存在相关性的结论,取决于这一论点的变化间隔。如果铸件的硬度变化较大,而根据特定铸件产品标准中规定的铸铁的化学成分计算其碳当量变化的间隔时间较短,则铸铁硬度对其碳当量的依赖性可能不明显。已知的经验公式旨在近似计算铸铁的抗拉强度和硬度的基础上,其碳元素和共晶性的缺点是这些指标的选择的不确定性。建议在这些公式中使用蒙特卡罗方法概率方法确定的碳当量、共晶度和碳硅比的数学期望值(平均值)。建议根据正态高斯定律考虑灰口铸铁中化学元素在标准中规定的间隔内的分布。根据DSTU 8833-2019要求冶炼的层状石墨灰铸铁的化学成分和性能信息,确定了碳当量和共晶度与碳硅含量比的关系,以及铸件的强度和硬度与铸铁化学成分的这些特征的关系。计算了层状石墨灰口铸铁力学性能的计算公式。关键词:铸铁,铸件,化学成分,碳当量,碳硅比,共晶度,硬度,强度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Prediction of the mechanical properties of gray cast iron (probabilistic approach)
The article analyses the literature on the dependence of mechanical properties (tensile strength, hardness, etc.) of grey cast iron castings on the percentage of chemical elements in its composition and on the carbon equivalent, degree of eutecticity, and the ratio of carbon to silicon content. On the example of assessing the mechanical properties of cast iron with lamellar graphite, these dependencies are considered in the probabilistic aspect. It is emphasised that even within the same ranges of percentage of chemical elements in cast iron, as defined in standards or specifications, the values of its carbon equivalent, eutecticity, and the ratio of carbon to silicon content may be different. On the other hand, with different percentage ratios of chemical elements in the cast iron composition, the values of its carbon equivalent may be the same. It is shown that the conclusion about the presence or absence of correlation, in particular, between the hardness of castings and the carbon equivalent of the grey cast iron from which they are made, depends on the interval of variation of this argument. If the variation in the hardness of castings is significant and the interval for changing its carbon equivalent, calculated according to the chemical composition of cast iron specified in the standard for a particular casting product, is relatively short, the dependence of cast iron hardness on its carbon equivalent may not be evident. The disadvantage of the known empirical formulas intended for the approximate calculation of the tensile strength and hardness of cast iron based on its carbon element and eutecticity is the uncertainty of the choice of these indicators. It is proposed to use in such formulas the mathematical expectations (average values) of the carbon equivalent, eutecticity degree and the ratio of carbon to silicon content determined in the probabilistic approach using the Monte Carlo method. It is recommended that the distributions of chemical elements in grey cast iron within their intervals provided for in the standards be considered in accordance with the normal Gaussian law. Based on the information on the chemical composition and properties of grey cast iron with lamellar graphite smelted in accordance with the requirements of DSTU 8833-2019, the dependence of the carbon equivalent and the degree of eutecticity on the ratio of carbon to silicon content, as well as the strength and hardness of castings on these characteristics of the chemical composition of cast iron, have been identified. The formulas for determining the mechanical properties of grey cast iron with lamellar graphite have been calculated. Keywords: cast iron, casting, chemical composition, carbon equivalent, carbon to silicon ratio, degree of eutecticity, hardness, strength.
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