Demographic history and conservation aspects of two relict shrubs (Daphnimorpha spp., Thymelaeaceae) showing disjunct and restricted distribution in the southern part of Japan

Abstract Climate relicts are of particular importance in evolutionary biology because of the strategies they may adopt for long-term survival despite climatic oscillations. However, because their current distribution is usually restricted and fragmented, many climatic relicts are at risk of extinction. Daphnimorpha (Thymelaeaceae) is a genus endemic to Japan that comprises two species ( D. capitellata and D. kudoi ) with a disjunct distribution in southern Japan. These two shrub species are endemic to a single mountain range. In this study, we conducted population genetic analyses using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained from multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeats genotyping by sequencing to reveal the phylogeographic history and obtain conservation implications for the two species. The results showed that these two species may have been isolated since the Tertiary period, supporting their status as climate relicts. In addition, D. kudoi showed clear genetic differentiation between the two mountains where it occurred (Mt. Nagata and Mt. Kuromi), with a decline in the effective population sizes inferred during the last glacial period. In contrast, D. capitellata showed no clear intraspecific genetic structure, and its effective population size was relatively stable. These differences could result in contrasting light tolerance between species. For conservation, we recommend managing these species as three evolutionarily significant units (ESUs): D. capitellata , D. kudoi population on Mt. Nagata, and D. kudoi population on Mt. Kuromi. Considering the limited gene flow among subpopulations and small population census, all ESUs require conservation attention to maintain or increase their effective population sizes.