Building a community of resilience and response—development of disaster response and training programmes

AbstractThe increasing impact of catastrophic disasters has inspired a strong network of cooperative disaster resiliency programmes focussing on protection and response for heritage collections and sites around the world. A dedicated community of professionals has developed successful partnership organisations that form a collaboration of institutions, first responders, local community groups and volunteers. At the core in the United States is a consortium of governmental and private organisations. Advocating for and safeguarding cultural heritage against risks draws on conventions, policy frameworks and guidance, becoming an imperative part of effective collection and site management. This article outlines the history, missions, interrelationship and expanded programming of this resolute, primarily volunteer community. The evolution of strategic disaster resilience in North America is non-linear, as are the histories of the organisations and individuals who have contributed to the nascent specialty. Key people and agencies are dedicated to protecting cultural assets and progressively improving and professionalising disaster resilience and recovery. The strategic, physical and psychological needs of disaster-affected communities are now standard management protocols for cultural heritage collections. Tangible documentation of these changes and interconnections are spread between professional repositories and personal archives, with minimal finding aids and dependence on individual memories. This information is gathered, regularly shared and updated as part of experiential training but seldom published in historical or scholarly articles. This article is intended to bridge the gap between a literature review and a record of experiences that have moved the profession of cultural heritage responder and their support organisations forward in time.Résumé« Construire une communauté de résilience et d'intervention: l’élaboration de programmes de formation et d'intervention en cas de catastrophe »L'impact croissant des catastrophes naturelles a inspiré un solide réseau de programmes coopératifs de résilience aux catastrophes axés sur la protection et l'intervention pour les collections et les sites du patrimoine dans le monde entier. Une communauté de professionnels engagés a développé des organisations de partenariat réussies qui apportent une collaboration entre institutions, premiers intervenants, groupes communautaires locaux et bénévoles. Au cœur des États-Unis se trouve un consortium d'organisations gouvernementales et privées. La défense et la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel contre les risques s'appuient sur des conventions, des cadres politiques et des orientations, devenant un élément indispensable d'une gestion efficace des collections et des sites. Cet article décrit l'histoire, les missions, les interdépendances et la programmation élargie de cette communauté déterminée, principalement bénévole. L'évolution de la résilience stratégique aux catastrophes en Amérique du Nord n'est pas linéaire, tout comme l’histoire des organisations et des individus qui ont contribué à cette spécialité naissante. Des personnes et des organismes clés se consacrent à la protection des biens culturels, à l'amélioration et à la professionnalisation progressive de la résilience et du relèvement face aux catastrophes. Les besoins stratégiques, physiques et psychologiques des communautés sinistrées sont désormais un protocole de gestion normale pour les collections du patrimoine culturel. La documentation matérielle de ces changements et interconnexions est répartie entre les dépôts professionnels et les archives personnelles, avec des instruments de recherche moindres et une dépendance aux souvenirs individuels. Ces informations sont recueillies, régulièrement partagées et mises à jour dans le cadre de la formation expérientielle, mais rarement publiées dans des articles scientifiques ou universitaires. Cet article vise à combler le fossé entre une revue de la littérature et un compte rendu d'expériences qui ont fait progresser la profession d'intervenant en patrimoine culturel d’une part et leurs organismes de soutien d’autre part.Zusammenfassung„Aufbau einer Resilienz- und Reaktionsgemeinschaft: Entwicklung von Katastrophenschutz- und Schulungsprogrammen“Die zunehmenden Auswirkungen von Katastrophen haben in den Vereinigten Staaten ein starkes Netzwerk kooperativer Katastrophenschutzprogramme angeregt, die sich auf den Schutz von Sammlungen und Stätten des Kulturerbes in aller Welt konzentrieren. Eine engagierte Gemeinschaft von Fachleuten hat erfolgreiche Partnerorganisationen entwickelt, die eine Zusammenarbeit von Institutionen, Ersthelfern, lokalen Gemeindegruppen und Freiwilligen bilden, deren Kern ein Konsortium aus staatlichen und privaten Organisationen bildet. Das Engagement für das kulturelle Erbe und dessen Schutz vor Risiken stützt sich auf Konventionen, politische Rahmenbedingungen sowie Leitlinien und wird zu einem unverzichtbaren Bestandteil einer effektiven Sammlungs- und Kulturstättenverwaltung. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Geschichte, die Aufgaben, die Zusammenhänge und die erweiterte Programmgestaltung dieser tatkräftigen, hauptsächlich ehrenamtlich tätigen Gemeinschaft. Die Entwicklung der strategischen Katastrophenresilienz in Nordamerika verläuft nicht geradlinig, ebenso wenig wie die Geschichte der Organisationen und Einzelpersonen, die zu diesem neu entstandenen Fachgebiet beigetragen haben. Schlüsselpersonen und Organisationen widmen sich dem Schutz von Kulturgütern und der schrittweisen Verbesserung und Professionalisierung der Katastrophenresilienz und -bewältigung. Die Berücksichtigung der strategischen, physischen und psychologischen Bedürfnisse der von einer Katastrophe betroffenen Gruppen gehören heute zur Standardvorgehensweise für die Verwaltung von Sammlungen des kulturellen Erbes. Die greifbare Dokumentation dieser Veränderungen und Zusammenhänge ist auf professionelle und persönliche Archive verteilt, mit minimalen Findmitteln und in Abhängigkeit von individuellen Erinnerungen. Diese Informationen werden gesammelt, regelmäßig weitergegeben und im Rahmen von Schulungen aktualisiert, aber nur selten in historischen oder wissenschaftlichen Artikeln veröffentlicht. Dieser Artikel soll die Lücke zwischen einer Literaturübersicht und einer Aufzeichnung von Erfahrungen schließen, die den Beruf des/der Beauftragten für das kulturelle Erbe und die ihn/sie unterstützenden Organisationen vorangebracht haben.Resumen“Construyendo una comunidad con capacidad de respuesta y recuperación: el desarrollo de programas de formación y respuesta ante catástrofes”El impacto que cada vez más tienen los desastres catastróficos, ha inspirado el desarrollo de una fuerte red de programas cooperativos con el fin de incrementar la capacidad de recuperación, centrándose en la reacción y la protección de las colecciones y los sitios patrimoniales de todo el mundo ante catástrofes. Una comunidad de profesionales comprometidos ha desarrollado con éxito organizaciones asociadas que facilitan colaboraciones entre distintos organismos, equipos de intervención inmediata, grupos comunitarios locales y voluntarios que, en Estados Unidos, están encabezados por un consorcio de organizaciones gubernamentales y privadas. La promoción y salvaguarda del patrimonio cultural frente a los riesgos se basa en convenciones, en marcos de política y asesoramiento, convirtiéndose así, en una parte imperativa para una gestión eficaz de colecciones y sitios. Este artículo esboza la historia, las misiones, la interrelación y el desarrollo del programa de esta comunidad decidida y primordialmente voluntaria. La evolución de esta estratégica con capacidad de adaptación ante los desastres en Norteamérica no es lineal, como tampoco lo son las historias de las organizaciones y personas que han contribuido a esta especialidad incipiente. Hay personas y organismos clave que están dedicadas a proteger los bienes culturales y a mejorar y profesionalizar progresivamente la capacidad de recuperación tras las catástrofes. Las necesidades estratégicas, físicas y psicológicas de las comunidades afectadas por catástrofes han pasado a formar parte del protocolo estándar de gestión de las colecciones del patrimonio cultural. La documentación tangible de estos cambios e interconexiones está repartida entre distintos depósitos profesionales y archivos personales, sin programas para facilitar su búsqueda, y dependiendo de memorias individuales. La información obtenida se recopila, se comparte periódicamente y se actualiza como parte de la formación experiencial, pero rara vez se publica en artículos históricos o académicos. Este artículo pretende salvar la distancia entre una revisión del material publicado y el registro de experiencias que ha cambiado progresivamente la profesión de gestor del patrimonio cultural y sus organizaciones de apoyo.摘要“建设抗灾救灾社区：制定救灾和培训计划”灾难性灾害的影响与日俱增，它激发了一个强大的合作抗灾项目网络，其重点是保护和应对世界各地的遗产藏品和遗址。一个由专业人员组成的专门团体成功发展成为由机构、急救人员、当地社区团体和志愿者组成的合作组织。美国的核心便是一个由政府和私人组织组成的联盟。通过公约、政策框架和指南来倡导和保护文化遗产免受风险，已成为了有效的藏品和遗址管理的必要组成部分。本文概述了这个以志愿者为主的坚定团体的历史、使命、相互关系和扩展计划。北美洲的策略性抗灾能力呈非线性发展，而为这一新兴专业做出贡献的组织和个人的历史亦是如此。关键人物和机构致力于保护文化资产，并逐步提高和专业化抗灾和灾后恢复能力。受灾社区的策略、物质和心理需求现已成为文化遗产收藏的标准管理规程。有关这些变化和相互联系的有形文献资料分布在专业资料库和个人档案中，只有极少的查找辅助工具，并依赖于个人记忆。这些信息作为体验式培训的一部分被收集、定期分享和更新，但很少在历史或学术文章中发表。本文旨在弥合文献综述与经验记录之间的差距，这些经验推动了文化遗产响应者的职业及其支持机构的及时发展。Keywords: resiliencycommunitynetworkingemergencydisasterrecovery AcknowledgementsThe work of a core group of individuals and organisations should be acknowledged. Several people, who transitioned from the earliest disaster programming in the US, are passing the responsibility and expertise to new recruits. The commitment of senior professionals can be seen in the development of the field over the last generation. The new generation’s dedication to protection of underserved communities and their ability to develop and use new technologies is further advancing outreach. Many individuals and organisations have made this into a viable specialty, unfortunately there are too many to name individually.Notes1 UNESCO, The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two (1954 and 1999) Protocols, preamble, 1954: 5, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187580; Catherine Fiankan-Bokonga, ‘A Historic Resolution to Protect Cultural Heritage’, UNESCO, online article, 2017, https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/historic-resolution-protect-cultural-heritage-0 (both accessed 23 August 2023).2 ‘Records of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas’, The Roberts Commission—Protection of Historical Monuments, National Archives and Records Administration, Publication M1944 (RG 239), 1943–1946, https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-239 (accessed 23 August 2023).3 Monuments Men and Women Foundation, ‘Monuments Men and Women of WWII’, https://www.monumentsmenandwomenfnd.org (accessed 23 August 2023).4 Cf. for example, Elizabeth Nix, ‘The Disaster that Deluged Florence’s Cultural Treasures’, History Channel (updated 2023), https://www.history.com/news/the-disaster-that-deluged-florences-cultural-treasures (accessed 23 August 2023).5 See, for example, Peter Waters, ‘Procedures for Salvage of Water Damaged Library Materials’ (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1979).6 W. J. Shank, ‘Preparing for the Big One’, in Emergency Preparedness and Response: Materials Developed from the NIC Seminar: October 17, 1990, Washington, DC, ed. Migs Grove (Washington, DC: National Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Property, 1991), 14–6.7 Cf. Robert Waller, Cultural Property Risk Analysis Model: Development and Application to Preventive Conservation at the Canadian Museum of Nature (Göteborg Studies in Conservation) (Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2003).8 The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), https://www.fema.gov/ (accessed 23 August 2023).9 FEMA, ‘Integrating Historic Property and Cultural Resource Considerations into Hazard Mitigation Planning’, FEMA Publication 386–6, 2005, https://www.fema.gov/pdf/fima/386-6_Book.pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).10 The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (1974), 93–288, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-2977/pdf/COMPS-2977.pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).11 The J. Paul Getty Conservation Institute, https://www.getty.edu/conservation (accessed 23 August 2023).12 See, for example, Valerie Dorge and Sharon L. Jones, ‘Building an Emergency Plan: A Guide for Museums and Other Cultural Institutions’ (Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute, 1999), https://getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/emergency.html (accessed 23 August 2023).13 Cf. ‘Disaster Preparedness and Response: An Emergency-planning Workshop for Museum Directors and Senior Staff’, Getty Projects, Getty Conservation Institute, 1992, https://getty.edu/projects/disaster-preparedness-response/ (accessed 18 August 2023).14 International Center for the Study of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), https://www.iccrom.org/ (accessed 18 August 2023).15 Cf. for example, Edward R. Gilbert, ‘National Conservation Advisory Council’, Bulletin of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works: Papers Presented at the Second Annual AIC Meeting, 1 4, no. 2 (1974): 154–9, https://jstor.org/stable/3179333 (accessed 18 August 2023).16 Cf. Arthur Beale, ‘A Brief History of Heritage Preservation: 1970s and 1980s: the Beginning’, Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals 2, no. 1 (2005): 11–28, https://www.heritagepreservation.info/copy-of-history-1 (accessed 18 August 2023).17 Cf. AIC, ‘History of Conservation and Conservators’, AIC wiki, 2022, https://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/Category:History_of_Conservation_and_Conservators (accessed 18 August 2023).18 See, for example, Jane K. Hutchins and Barbara O. Roberts, eds, Perspectives on Natural Disaster Mitigation: Papers Presented at 1991 AIC Workshop (Washington, DC: Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 1991).19 US Committee of the Blue Shield, ‘About US Committee of the Blue Shield, Our Mission’, 2006, https://uscbs.org/about/ (accessed 18 August 2023).20 Blue Shield International, ‘Mission: Blue Shield Missions’, https://theblueshield.org (accessed 18 August 2023).21 Corine Wegner, Discovery and Recovery: Saving the Iraqi Jewish Archives (2015), 57 min, 44 s; YouTube video lecture from the Iraqi Jewish Archive speaker series presented at the Midwest Center for Holocaust Education, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Arlt9Uhpqb8 (accessed 18 August 2023).22 The Institute of Museum and Library Services, https://imls.gov/our-work/priority-areas/collections (accessed 18 August 2023).23 The Mellon Foundation, List of Mellon Grants to FAIC, https://www.mellon.org/search/American%20Institute%20for%20Conservation (accessed 18 August 2023).24 The National Endowment for the Humanities, List of National Endowment for the Humanities Grants to FAIC, https://securegrants.neh.gov/publicquery/main.aspx?q=1&a=0&n=0&o=1&ov=Foundation+for+Advancement+in+Conservation (accessed 18 August 2023).25 F/AIC, A Year in Review, AIC and FAIC Annual Report, Washington, DC, 2012: 2–3, https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/resources/governance/annual-reports/2012-annual-report.pdf and FAIC, FAIC Response to Hurricane Sandy, https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/resources/flyers/cultural-recovery-summary_for-web.pdf?sfvrsn=3eb972d2_4 (all accessed 26 August 2023).26 The Getty Conservation Institute, ‘National Summit on Emergency Response: Safeguarding Our Cultural Heritage (1994)’, Washington, DC, December 1994, https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/public_programs/conferences/emergency.html (accessed 18 August 2023).27 Heritage Preservation (formerly National Institute for Conservation), ‘Heritage Emergency National Task Force’, List of Original National Task Force Institutional Members in 1994, https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byorg/hp/PROGRAMS/TFMEMBR.HTM (accessed 18 August 2023).28 Cf. Jane Long, ‘When Disaster Strikes: A National Response’, Getty Institute Recovery Times Newsletter 10, no. 1 (Spring 1995), https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/10_1/disaster.html (accessed 26 August 2023).29 Heritage Preservation, ‘Heritage Preservation, The History of the Organization (1973–2015)’, https://www.heritagepreservation.info/#:~:text=Founded%20in%201973%2C%20Heritage%20Preservation,and%20a%20constantly%2Devolving%20resource; and cf. Madeline Cooper and Madeline Hagerman, ‘A Brief History of Emergency Programming at Heritage Preservation’, 2019, https://ff764a29-49b1-447e-ba7e-ba98b4a43dc2.filesusr.com/ugd/1c7910_2637db3b9f1040649febfbc0ce4e8d45.pdf (all accessed 23 August 2023).30 Heritage Preservation, ‘Task Force History, Goals, and Initiatives’, 1995, https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byorg/hp/PROGRAMS/TFHIST.htm (accessed 23 August 2023).31 Jane S. Long, ‘Are We Ready for Hurricanes? Report of the 3rd Meeting of the National Disaster Task Force on Emergency Response’, AIC News 21, no. 5 (1996): 1–3.32 AIC, ‘The Field Guide to Emergency Response Supplementary Resources’, https://www.culturalheritage.org/resources/emergencies/disaster-response-recovery/fieldguide (accessed 23 August 2023).33 See Jane S. Long, Field Guide to Emergency Response: A Vital Tool for Cultural Institutions (Washington, DC: Heritage Preservation, 2006). 34 Heritage Preservation, ‘New Guide Helps Cultural Institutions Cope When Disaster Strikes’, 31 July 2006, https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byorg/hp/PROGRAMS/TFNewsReleases/nr060731.html (accessed 23 August 2023).35 Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), Connecting to Collections: A Call to Action, brochure, p. 6 (2008), https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501524.pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).36 Getty Conservation Institute, ‘Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel’, Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter 2, no. 2 (1997): 20 https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/12_2/gcinews4.html (accessed 23 August 2023).37 F/AIC, Resources—Emergencies, Alliance for Response, https://www.culturalheritage.org/resources/emergencies/alliance-for-response (accessed 23 August 2023).38 Jane S. Long, ‘Alliance for Response: Building Local Disaster Networks’, Abbey Newsletter 26, no. 6 (2003), https://cool.culturalheritage.org/byorg/abbey/an/an26/an26-6/an26-614.html (accessed 23 August 2023).39 Heritage Preservation with Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), ‘Public Trust at Risk: The Heritage Health Index—Full Report on the State of America’s Collections’, 1994, https://www.imls.gov/publications/heritage-health-index-full-report (accessed 23 August 2023).40 Council of State Archivists, ‘Pocket Response Plan™ (PReP ™) Templates’, https://www.statearchivists.org/research-resources/emergency-preparedness/pocket-responce-templates (accessed 23 August 2023).41 NorthEast Document Conservation Center, ‘dPlan ArtsReady—Online Disaster Planning Tool’, n.d., https://www.nedcc.org/free-resources/disaster-assistance/dplan-artsready (accessed 23 August 2023).42 AIC, ‘Heritage Preservation Programs Transition to FAIC’, AIC News, 40, no. 3 (May 2015): 9–10, https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/publications/periodicals/newsletter/aic-news-vol-40-no-3-(may-2015).pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).43 See, for example, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Finding Aid, Accession 16–097 Heritage Preservation Records Collection Overview from 1973–2014, https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_379869 (accessed 23 August 2023).44 AIC, ‘AIC Task Force Dedicated to Disaster Mitigation, Response and Recovery’, AIC News 20, no. 5 (1995): 9, https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/publications/periodicals/newsletter/aic-news-vol-20-(1995).pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).45 Mary Wood Lee, ‘FAIC Emergency Response Workshops Completed’, AIC News 27, no. 1 (2002): 13–4, https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/publications/periodicals/newsletter/aic-news-vol-27-(2002).pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).46 AIC, ‘Special FAIC Scholarships Available through NEH Grant, [for workshops] Recovery of Wet Materials Following a Disaster’, AIC News 30, no. 1 (2005): 13.47 F/AIC Emergency Committee, https://www.culturalheritage.org/membership/committees/emergency-committee (accessed 23 August 2023).48 F/AIC, ‘Disaster Preparedness and Response, Disaster Mitigation Planning Assistance’, Conservation OnLine Disaster Portal (CoOL), https://cool.culturalheritage.org/bytopic/disasters/ (accessed 23 August 2023).49 Western Association of Art Conservators, WAAC Newsletter 27, no. 3 (2005), https://cool.culturalheritage.org/waac/ttl/wn27-3-special.pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).50 Cf. for example, Karla Nicholson, ‘Special Report: Recovering from Disaster’, American Association for State and Local History, History News 61, no. 2 (2006): 7, https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40099413 (accessed 23 August 2023).51 Christine Wiseman and Ann Frellsen, ‘Hurricane Katrina Preservation Assessments in Mississippi’, Society of Georgia Archivists Newsletter 37, no. 3 (2005): 15; Preservation in Mississippi blog post, ‘Hurricane Katrina/Gulf Coast Recovery’, n.d., https://misspreservation.com/backstories/hurricane-katrinagulf-coast-recovery/ (accessed 23 August 2023).52 Cf. Randy Silverman, ‘Toward a National Disaster Response Protocol’, Libraries and the Cultural Record 41, no. 4 (2006): 497–511, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/207546/pdf (accessed 26 August 2023).53 The Katrina-HEART team was funded by the Watson Brown Foundation (https://www.watson-brown.org/), the American pay television network History Channel and the American Association of State and Local History (https://aaslh.org) (all accessed 23 August 2023).54 United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, ‘Hurricane Katrina: A Nation Still Unprepared, Special Report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, US Senate, Together with Additional Views’, 109th Congress, 2006: 109–322, https://www.congress.gov/109/crpt/srpt322/CRPT-109srpt322.pdf (accessed 26 August 2023).55 Gary Frost and Randy Silverman, ‘Disaster Recovery in the Artefact Fields: Mississippi After Hurricane Katrina’, International Preservation News 37 (2005): 35–47.56 State of Indiana, Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, ‘Mental Health Intervention in the Event of a Disaster’, 2006, https://www.in.gov/fssa/dmha/iah/files/Mental_Health_Field_Guide_FINAL.pdf (accessed 26 August 2023).57 Cf. FEMA/Heritage Emergency National Task Force Fact Sheets, https://www.fema.gov/assistance/save-family-treasures/heritage-emergency-national-task-force (accessed 23 August 2023).58 Emergency Management, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/preservation/emergprep/ (accessed 23 August 2023).59 National Park Service (NPS), ‘Museum Management Program’, NPS Museum Handbook, Part 1: Museum Collections, 1993, https://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/MHI/mushbkI.html (accessed 23 August 2023).60 See, for example, The National Center for Preservation and Technology and FAIC, ‘Wet Salvage Video Series’, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6x-t7OzqZIw&list=PLH0WXCtI2nogzTqrjdLqCkac_LPsTOO7M&index=1 (accessed 17 August 2023).61 Smithsonian Institute, ‘Smithsonian Heritage Emergency National Task Force’, https://culturalrescue.si.edu/hentf/ (accessed 23 August 2023).62 FEMA, ‘Environmental Planning and Historic Preservation’, 2022, https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/practitioners/environmental-historic (accessed 23 August 2023).63 Smithsonian Cultural Rescue Initiative (SCRI), n.d., https://culturalrescue.si.edu/ (accessed 23 August 2023).64 Monuments Men and Women Foundation, ‘A Renewed Commitment to the Preservation of Culture: the 21st Century of Monuments Men and Women’, 2022, https://www.monumentsmenandwomenfnd.org/post/a-renewed-commitment-to-the-preservation-of-culture (accessed 23 August 2023).65 Smithsonian Institute, ‘Smithsonian Heritage Emergency and Response Training (Smithsonian HEART)’, https://culturalrescue.si.edu/what-we-do/resilience/heritage-emergency-and-response-training-heart/ (accessed 23 August 2023).66 National Voluntary Organisations Active in Disaster, https://www.nvoad.org/ (accessed 23 August 2023).67 Jessica Unger, ‘EMTs for US Heritage: National Heritage Responders’, Cultural Property News (2018), https://culturalpropertynews.org/emts-for-us-heritage-national-heritage-responders/ (accessed 23 August 2023).68 F/AIC, ‘National Heritage Responders Name Change’, 2019, https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/public-relations/national-heritage-responders-name-change-news-release.pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).69 See, for example, Institute of Museum and Library Services, ‘Grant Report, Foundation for Advancement in Conservation to Institute of Museum and Library Services’, 2008, https://www.imls.gov/grants/awarded/mp-00-06-0004-06-1 (accessed 23 August 2023).70 FEMA, Emergency Management Institute, Independent Study, IS-100.C: Introduction to the Incident Command System, ICS 100, https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=is-100.c&lang=en (accessed 23 August 2023).71 F/AIC, A Year in Review, AIC and FAIC Annual Report, 2012: 4; and AIC, ‘FAIC Emergency Programs, Hurricane Response’, AIC News 43, no. 1 (2018): 13, https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/publications/periodicals/newsletter/aic-news-vol-43-no-1-(january-2018).pdf?sfvrsn=91b80220_16 (accessed 27 August 2023).72 Cf. ‘Final Program’, Preparing for Disasters and Confronting the Unexpected in Conservation, Joint 44th Annual Meeting & 42nd Annual Conference: American Institute for Conservation and Canadian Association for Conservation of Cultural Property, Montreal, Canada (13–17 May 2016), https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/publications/periodicals/annual-meeting/2016-final-program.pdf (accessed 23 August 2023).73 F/AIC, Resources—Emergencies, Alliance for Response.74 Performing Arts Readiness Project, 2016, https://performingartsreadiness.org (accessed 23 August 2023).75 Cf. South Arts, ‘Arts Ready and Emergency Preparedness’, 2023, https://www.southarts.org/programs-conferences/artsready-and-emergency-preparedness (accessed 23 August 2023).76 Entertainment Community Fund, 2023, https://entertainmentcommunity.org/resources (accessed 23 August 2023).77 CERF+ The Artists Safety Net, https://www.cerfplus.org/ (accessed 23 August 2023).78 Studio Protector, The Artist's Guide to Emergencies, https://cerfplus.org/studio-protector/ (accessed 23 August 2023).79 The National Coalition for Arts’ Preparedness and Emergency Response, https://www.ncaper.org/about (accessed 23 August 2023).80 FEMA, ‘About BRIC: Reducing Risk through Hazard Mitigation, Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities’, 2022, https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/building-resilient-infrastructure-communities/about (accessed 23 August 2023).81 AIC, ‘Past Response Efforts, Kentucky Flooding’, 2023, https://www.culturalheritage.org/resources/emergencies/national-heritage-responders/nhr-reponses (accessed 23 August 2023).82 Cf. for example, Deidre McCarthy, ‘Facing Disaster: The Importance of Heritage Inventories in Preparation and Response’, Conservation Perspectives, The GCI Newsletter (2013), https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/28_2/facing_disaster.html (accessed 23 August 2023).83 Madeline Cooper, ‘Mapping and the Future of Caring for the Past: Using GIS as a Tool to Understand the Risk of Emergencies to Cultural Heritage Collections’, Parks Stewardship Forum 38, 3 (2022): 389–98, https://doi.org/10.5070/P538358982 (accessed 23 August 2023).84 ‘GaNCH, Mapping Georgia’s Natural, Cultural and Historic Organisations for Disaster Response’, directory, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, https://ganch.auctr.edu (accessed 23 August 2023).85 Michele M. Tugade, Barbara L. Fredrickson, and Lisa Feldman Barrett, ‘Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity: Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health’, Journal of Personality 72, 6 (2004): 1161–90, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x (accessed 23 August 2023).Additional informationNotes on contributorsTom ClaresonTom Clareson, Senior Consultant Digital and Preservation Services at Lyrasis, consults internationally on preservation, disaster preparedness, digitisation, funding, strategic planning and advocacy for cultural organisations. He serves as Project Director of Performing Arts Readiness, funded by the Mellon Foundation to help performing arts organisations protect their assets, sustain operations and prepare for emergencies. Tom is Vice President of the Board of Directors for the FAIC and Vice President of the National Board of Advisors of the Richard M. Ross Museum at Ohio Wesleyan University.Ann FrellsenAnn Frellsen is a book and paper conservator and specialist trained to assist libraries, museums and historic sites with collections affected by disasters. Now retired as Head of Conservation at Emory University Libraries, she has responded to over 70 disasters, large and small. Frellsen remains very active both in disaster response and teaching Hands-On Salvage of Collections workshops. She has been a member of the AIC-CERT/FAIC NHR since 2006 and is a trainer for new team members.Susan DuhlSusan Duhl is a retired private practice conservator and collections management consultant with a specialty in strategic recovery for disaster-affected collections. Susan was a member of Katrina-HEART and a FEMA archives specialist consultant after Hurricane Katrina. She is a member of the AIC-CERT/FAIC NHR team, and has served on the FAIC Working Group and Emergency Committee. She has done numerous NHR and independent deployments, assessments and educational programmes in the US, Puerto Rico, Greece and Nepal.Holly HerroHolly Herro is a retired book and archives conservator volunteering at The National Institutes of Health National History & Stetten Museum. Before retirement, she managed the Conservation Program at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), served as a trainer on NLM’s Collections Emergency Response Team, and Program Manager for NLM’s Collections Emergency Preparedness and Response interactive website. She was co-chair of the National Heritage Responders Working Group and Emergency Committee and contributed to the Emergency Preparedness & Response Wiki. Holly is a member of the Smithsonian’s Resources for Emergencies Affecting Cultural Heritage (REACH).Vicki LeeVicki Lee is a book and archives conservator with training in disaster response and recovery through NHR and FEMA. Vicki is a member of AIC-CERT/FAIC NHR as a responder, trainer, committee member and mentor, and fills in as a HEART trainer. She is a member of the Preservation and Conservation section of International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).