美国打击非法、未登记和无管制捕鱼的经验(以加利福尼亚州和佛罗里达州的禁令为例)

D.V. Kamensky
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摘要

本文考察了美国一些州对鱼类资源的刑法保护的现代方法。特别注意世界上非法、未登记和无管制捕鱼的大规模问题以及在美国联邦和地方两级解决这一问题的办法。从美国执法实践的角度来看,与环境物体的污染或损耗有关的侵犯在许多方面类似于白领欺诈的表现,另一方面,对动物(包括陆地和水)的犯罪在许多方面使人想起毒品贩运和走私计划,这决定了他们调查的特殊性。为了使所提出的管制材料清晰,本文突出了执法实践中的一个例子,该例子强调了对非法捕捞珊瑚礁鱼类的美国公民的行为进行刑事-法律评估的特殊性,以及对他们的惩罚的合理严重性和合理性。两国立法的有关规定分别考虑。强调了加利福尼亚州和佛罗里达州对水生生物资源开采的监管差异。特别是,佛罗里达州立法者在有关禁令中划定了非法捕捞海洋和淡水鱼的范围。在单一禁令框架内对野生动物和鱼类(也包括软体动物和螃蟹)实行“平行”刑法保护的做法,其特点与国家禁令不同。考虑到司法实践的材料,美国法院和执法机构在对其他国家内水大规模非法捕鱼的刑事起诉过程中,在某些情况下愿意超越国家管辖范围。以佛罗里达州的相关监管条例为例,展示了一种具体的制度,根据具体加重情节的存在,将相关环境侵权的严重程度(和处罚金额)提高到四个等级。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
American experience of combating illegal, unregistered and unregulated fishing (based on the example of prohibitions in the states of California and Florida)
The article examines modern approaches to the criminal law protection of fish stocks in some American states. Particular attention is paid to the large-scale problem of illegal, unregistered and unregulated fishing in the world and approaches to solving this problem in the United States, both at the federal and local levels. From the viewpoint of American law enforcement practices, encroachments related to pollution or depletion of environmental objects are in many ways similar to manifestations of white collar fraud, on the other hand, crimes against fauna (both land and water) are in many ways reminiscent of drug trafficking and smuggling schemes that determines the specificity of their investigation. For the sake of clarity of the presented regulatory material, an example from law enforcement practice is highlighted, which emphasizes peculiarities of the criminal-legal assessment of the actions of American citizens guilty of illegal fishing of reef fish, as well as the justified severity and rationality of the punishment assigned to them.The relevant provisions of the legislation of the two states are considered separately. The differences in regulation of the extraction of aquatic bioresources in the states of California and Florida are emphasized. In particular, it is shown that the Florida legislator delimits the illegal fishing of marine and freshwater fish species in the relevant prohibitions. The approach to the “parallel” criminal law protection of wild animals and fish (also molluscs and crabs) within the framework of a single ban is characterized as different from the national one. Taking into account materials of judicial practice, the readiness of American courts and law enforcement agencies to go, in some cases, beyond the borders of national jurisdiction during criminal prosecution of large-scale illegal fishing practices in internal waters of other countries has been demonstrated.The example of the relevant regulatory regulation in the state of Florida shows a specific system of increasing the severity (and the amount of punishment) of the relevant environmental tort within four degrees depending on the presence of specific aggravating circumstances.
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