Genetic relationships between captive and wild subpopulations of Arapaima gigas (Schinz, in Cuvier, 1822)

Arapaima gigas, also known as pirarucu, is endemic to the Amazon basin. There is currently considerable effort being made to cultivate this species to reduce pressure on natural populations. We characterized the diversity and genetic structure of subpopulations of wild and captive A. gigas based on 19 microsatellite loci. Captive subpopulations of A. gigas exhibited less diversity than wild individuals. We also verified the existence of outlier loci under selective pressure in both subpopulations, indicating the occurrence of local adaptation in some individuals of A. gigas. Furthermore, we identified a high-level genetic structure among the subpopulations, with no mixing between subpopulations. The lack of mixing between populations, the local adaptation, and the genetic structure indicate that these subpopulations should be managed and isolated to prevent captive individuals from escaping into the wild, which would reduce the diversity of the wild subpopulations. We suggest a program for the genetic management of captive subpopulations to avoid the random loss of genetic variability and the selection of characteristics that are undesirable for commercial and conservation purposes.   Key words: Allelic diversity, osteoglossidae, conservation and management, heterezygosity, osteoglossiformes.