皮尔斯对笛卡儿哲学指导方针的批评

Taras Mamenko
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摘要

本文旨在展示皮尔斯的思想对当代哲学发展的意义,找出他对笛卡尔和更广泛的现代哲学(它来自笛卡尔)原则的批评的主要方向,并考虑他的哲学的积极纲领,他提供了一个替代现代哲学的选择。皮尔斯从语用学和符号学的角度出发,探讨人性、意识和认知。由于这种方法,他成功地破坏了现代认知、人类、语言理解的关键思想,即:个人主义、语言原子论、教条主义、二元论、表征主义、唯名论、基础主义等。相反,他提出了一种新的知识理论,一种新的本体论和人类学。皮尔斯主张人类通过符号(语言、文化、感官)认知的间接性,内省和直觉的不可能性,提倡整体论、可错论、实用主义、现实主义、协同论、推理论,并对人格提出了新的认识,所有这些都使他成为一位有意义的当代思想家。皮尔斯的思想为现代科学实践提供了一个新的视角。皮尔斯对知识基础的重新思考使他与20世纪和21世纪的许多思想家并驾齐驱。他的思想发展在现代人类学、认识论、人工智能研究、符号学等方面都有体现。本文分为四个小节,分别阐述了皮尔斯对笛卡儿哲学批判的主要方向:在第一部分中,皮尔斯反对笛卡尔的怀疑论方法论,提出了可错性概念和信念原则;在第二部分中,皮尔斯否认直觉的可能性,证明了我们通过符号认识的间接性;在第三部分中,他论述了符号学和交际方法相对于个人主义和语言原子主义的优势;在第四部分中,他论述了符号学和交际方法的优势笛卡尔的唯名论和二元论,皮尔斯对比了现实主义方法和他的协同论,以及符号人类学。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Criticism of the guidelines of cartesian philosophy by Ch. Pierce
The article intends to show the significance of Ch. Peirce’s ideas for the development of contemporary philosophy, to find out the main directions of his criticism of the principles of Cartesian and more broadly modern philosophy (where it comes from Descartes) and to consider the positive program of his philosophy, which he offers as an alternative to Modern philosophy. Peirce starts from a pragmatic and semiotic approach to human nature, consciousness and cognition. Thanks to this approach, he managed to undermine the key ideas of the modern understanding of cognition, human, language, namely: individualism, linguistic atomism, dogmatism, dualism, representationism, nominalism, foundationalism, etc. And, instead, to propose a new theory of knowledge, a new ontology and anthropology. Peirce asserts the indirectness of human cognition by signs (linguistic, cultural, sensory), the impossibility of introspection and intuition, advocates holism, fallibilism, pragmatism, realism, synechism, inferentialism and offers a new understanding of the personality — all this makes him a relevant and contemporary thinker. Peirce’s ideas offer a fresh perspective on modern scientific practice. Peirce’s rethinking of the foundations of knowledge puts him alongside many thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. The development of his ideas can be seen in modern anthropology, epistemology, research on artificial intelligence, semiotics, etc. The article is divided into four subsections, which are devoted to the main directions of Peirce’s criticism of Descartes’ philosophy: in the first — against Descartes’ skeptical methodology, Peirce puts the concept of fallibilism and the principle of belief, in the second — Peirce denies the possibility of intuition and proves the indirectness of our cognition by signs, in the third — it is about the advantages of the semiotic and communicative approach over individualism and linguistic atomism, in the fourth — Descartes’ nominalism and dualism, Peirce contrasts the realist approach and his theory of synechism, as well as semiotic anthropology.
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