{"title":"竞争还是救助金融机构?西班牙银行资本重组过程的成本和收益分析(破产还是救助?西班牙银行救助的成本效益分析)","authors":"Aurelio Gurrea-Martínez","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2336545","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: El sistema bancario espanol ha sido sometido recientemente a un profundo proceso de reestructuracion que, entre otras medidas, ha implicado la recapitalizacion de numerosas entidades de credito, con la finalidad de restaurar la confianza y estabilidad en el sistema financiero. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar los costes y beneficios del proceso de recapitalizacion de la banca espanola, en relacion con los que habria tenido el eventual concurso de acreedores de, al menos, algunas de las entidades rescatadas. En este sentido, creemos que el concurso de acreedores de aquellas entidades que, individualmente o en su conjunto, no provoquen un riesgo sistemico habria sido una solucion economicamente mas deseable que el rescate, teniendo en cuenta que esta solucion no habria supuesto ningun coste para los contribuyentes ni para las entidades solventes. En segundo lugar, esta solucion tampoco habria generado riesgo moral o incluso distorsion de la libre competencia entre entidades bancarias. En tercer lugar, el rescate de la banca espanola se ha realizado sin analizar debidamente si una determinada entidad deberia ser rescatada o, en su caso, liquidada, atendiendo a su viabilidad economica y al posible efecto contagio sobre el conjunto del sistema financiero. En cuarto lugar, la decision del rescate bancario no deberia haberse realizado por voluntad politica, como consecuencia del conflicto de intereses existente entre nuestros representantes democraticos y algunas de las entidades rescatadas (principalmente, cajas de ahorros), no solo por su participacion directa o indirecta en sus organos de gobierno, sino tambien por las ventajas financieras recibidas – y sin la debida transparencia – de algunas entidades rescatadas. En cualquier caso, creemos que, con independencia de que la decision del rescate se encuentre soportada por argumentos economicos como el mantenimiento de la confianza en el sistema financiero, el posible efecto sistemico generado por la caida de un banco, o la dificultad de identificar –y rescatar exclusivamente– a las entidades demasiado grandes para caer, todas las entidades rescatadas deberian haber quedado sometidas a un regimen de represion de la insolvencia similar o incluso mas riguroso que el previsto en la Ley Concursal, habida cuenta, ademas, de los superiores costes (o externalidades) generados al sistema por la insolvencia de una entidad financiera.English Abstract: The Spanish banking system has recently been subject to a deep restructuring process in order to clean up the balance-sheet of many financial institutions and thus to restore the stability of the financial system. Among other measures, this process has implied the bailout of many financial institutions. We analyse the costs and benefits of the Spanish bank bailout in relation to a hypothetical insolvency proceeding of, at least, some rescued banks. In this sense, we argue that the bankruptcy would have been a more efficient solution than the bailout for those entities that, individually or as a whole, do not generate systemic risk, since the bankruptcy neither implies any cost to taxpayers nor to solvent Banks. Second, this latter solution would not create either moral hazard or a distorsion of competion among financial institutions. Third, it seems that public authorities have bailed out many financial institutions without analysing whether a particular bank was or not unsound. In this sense, we propose that all financial institutions in economic distress should have been liquidated, unless (i) they were subject to a hard restructuring plan to restore their economic viability, or (ii) the failure of those financial institutions had done more harm than good because of the contagion effect in the financial system. Four, we also argue that the decision about the bailout should not have been undertaken by politicians, since they incurred in a conflict of interest as a result of the particular corporate governance structure of most rescued banks – saving banks – strongly managed and influenced by politicians, as well as the financial advantages received by political parties from many rescued banks. We end up our analysis arguing that, regardless of existing economic reasons to support the bailout, the directors of all rescued banks should have been subject to mechanisms to punish wrongful behaviour similarly or actually harsher than what is provided by the Spanish Insolvency Act, taking into account the higher costs (or externalities) generated to the financial system by a bank failure.","PeriodicalId":171263,"journal":{"name":"Corporate Governance: Arrangements & Laws eJournal","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2013-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"¿Concurso o rescate de entidades financieras? Un análisis de los costes y beneficios del proceso de recapitalización de la banca española (Bankruptcy or Bailout? A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Spanish Bank Bailout)\",\"authors\":\"Aurelio Gurrea-Martínez\",\"doi\":\"10.2139/SSRN.2336545\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Spanish Abstract: El sistema bancario espanol ha sido sometido recientemente a un profundo proceso de reestructuracion que, entre otras medidas, ha implicado la recapitalizacion de numerosas entidades de credito, con la finalidad de restaurar la confianza y estabilidad en el sistema financiero. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar los costes y beneficios del proceso de recapitalizacion de la banca espanola, en relacion con los que habria tenido el eventual concurso de acreedores de, al menos, algunas de las entidades rescatadas. En este sentido, creemos que el concurso de acreedores de aquellas entidades que, individualmente o en su conjunto, no provoquen un riesgo sistemico habria sido una solucion economicamente mas deseable que el rescate, teniendo en cuenta que esta solucion no habria supuesto ningun coste para los contribuyentes ni para las entidades solventes. En segundo lugar, esta solucion tampoco habria generado riesgo moral o incluso distorsion de la libre competencia entre entidades bancarias. En tercer lugar, el rescate de la banca espanola se ha realizado sin analizar debidamente si una determinada entidad deberia ser rescatada o, en su caso, liquidada, atendiendo a su viabilidad economica y al posible efecto contagio sobre el conjunto del sistema financiero. En cuarto lugar, la decision del rescate bancario no deberia haberse realizado por voluntad politica, como consecuencia del conflicto de intereses existente entre nuestros representantes democraticos y algunas de las entidades rescatadas (principalmente, cajas de ahorros), no solo por su participacion directa o indirecta en sus organos de gobierno, sino tambien por las ventajas financieras recibidas – y sin la debida transparencia – de algunas entidades rescatadas. En cualquier caso, creemos que, con independencia de que la decision del rescate se encuentre soportada por argumentos economicos como el mantenimiento de la confianza en el sistema financiero, el posible efecto sistemico generado por la caida de un banco, o la dificultad de identificar –y rescatar exclusivamente– a las entidades demasiado grandes para caer, todas las entidades rescatadas deberian haber quedado sometidas a un regimen de represion de la insolvencia similar o incluso mas riguroso que el previsto en la Ley Concursal, habida cuenta, ademas, de los superiores costes (o externalidades) generados al sistema por la insolvencia de una entidad financiera.English Abstract: The Spanish banking system has recently been subject to a deep restructuring process in order to clean up the balance-sheet of many financial institutions and thus to restore the stability of the financial system. Among other measures, this process has implied the bailout of many financial institutions. We analyse the costs and benefits of the Spanish bank bailout in relation to a hypothetical insolvency proceeding of, at least, some rescued banks. In this sense, we argue that the bankruptcy would have been a more efficient solution than the bailout for those entities that, individually or as a whole, do not generate systemic risk, since the bankruptcy neither implies any cost to taxpayers nor to solvent Banks. Second, this latter solution would not create either moral hazard or a distorsion of competion among financial institutions. Third, it seems that public authorities have bailed out many financial institutions without analysing whether a particular bank was or not unsound. In this sense, we propose that all financial institutions in economic distress should have been liquidated, unless (i) they were subject to a hard restructuring plan to restore their economic viability, or (ii) the failure of those financial institutions had done more harm than good because of the contagion effect in the financial system. Four, we also argue that the decision about the bailout should not have been undertaken by politicians, since they incurred in a conflict of interest as a result of the particular corporate governance structure of most rescued banks – saving banks – strongly managed and influenced by politicians, as well as the financial advantages received by political parties from many rescued banks. We end up our analysis arguing that, regardless of existing economic reasons to support the bailout, the directors of all rescued banks should have been subject to mechanisms to punish wrongful behaviour similarly or actually harsher than what is provided by the Spanish Insolvency Act, taking into account the higher costs (or externalities) generated to the financial system by a bank failure.\",\"PeriodicalId\":171263,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Corporate Governance: Arrangements & Laws eJournal\",\"volume\":\"82 1\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2013-11-10\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"1\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Corporate Governance: Arrangements & Laws eJournal\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2336545\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Corporate Governance: Arrangements & Laws eJournal","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2336545","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
摘要
摘要:西班牙银行体系最近经历了一个深刻的重组过程,其中包括许多信贷机构的资本重组,以恢复对金融体系的信心和稳定。在这一背景下,本文分析了西班牙银行资本重组过程的成本和收益,这些成本和收益与至少一些被救助实体的债权人可能的竞争有关。在这方面,我们认为,这些实体的债权人大赛个别风险的整体,而不是造成sistemico就不会是一个简单的学习和生活费用最可取的赎金,考虑到该解决方案肯定不会做任何对纳税人成本或实体溶剂。其次,这种解决方案不会产生道德风险,甚至不会扭曲银行之间的自由竞争。第三,对西班牙银行的救助没有考虑到某一特定实体的经济可行性以及对整个金融体系可能产生的传染效应,就应该得到救助或清算。第四,银行纾困的决定不应该作出政治意愿,由于利益冲突之间我们获救democraticos代表和一些实体(主要包括储蓄、盒子),这不仅是因为其直接或间接在participacion organos收到的政府,但也是金融优势—无透明度—一些获救者实体。在任何情况下,我们认为,无论所支持的救援行动的决定可能找到参数(如维持金融体系的信心的潜在影响而形成的sistemico下降,银行,或很难查明专门向实体——和恢复救过大,所有被救助的实体都应该受到类似甚至比破产法规定的更严格的破产抑制制度的约束,同时考虑到金融机构破产给系统带来的更高成本(或外部性)。英文摘要:西班牙银行体系最近经历了一场深刻的重组过程,以清理许多金融机构的资产负债表,从而恢复金融体系的稳定性。在其他措施中,这一过程涉及救助许多金融机构。我们分析了西班牙银行救助的成本和收益与至少一些获救银行的假设破产程序的关系。在这方面,我们认为,对于那些单独或作为一个整体不产生系统性风险的实体来说,破产是一种比救助更有效的解决办法,因为破产既不涉及纳税人的成本,也不涉及清算银行的成本。其次,后一种解决方案既不会造成道德风险,也不会扭曲金融机构之间的竞争。第三,公共当局似乎在没有分析某一特定银行是否不健全的情况下就关闭了许多金融机构。In this sense we propose,要求所有金融机构In economic distress should have been命令,除非(i)是subject to a硬结构计划恢复其经济可行性,或(ii)的失败》的那些金融机构为此捐更多的损害比good由于of the contagion effect In the financial system。四,我们还争辩that the decision about the时下should not have been by politicians开展,由于他们承担in conflict of interest特别是因此of the corporate governance structure of most rescued banks—拯救银行—强烈managed and influenced by politicians, as well as the financial advantages received by heper from许多rescued banks。We end up our analysis arguing that,不管existing economic reasons to support the时下,北欧- all rescued banks应而建立机制,惩治不法行为,or actually harsher than what is提供由西班牙破产Act,考虑到费用高等(or externalities) generated to the financial system by a银行课以罚款。
¿Concurso o rescate de entidades financieras? Un análisis de los costes y beneficios del proceso de recapitalización de la banca española (Bankruptcy or Bailout? A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Spanish Bank Bailout)
Spanish Abstract: El sistema bancario espanol ha sido sometido recientemente a un profundo proceso de reestructuracion que, entre otras medidas, ha implicado la recapitalizacion de numerosas entidades de credito, con la finalidad de restaurar la confianza y estabilidad en el sistema financiero. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar los costes y beneficios del proceso de recapitalizacion de la banca espanola, en relacion con los que habria tenido el eventual concurso de acreedores de, al menos, algunas de las entidades rescatadas. En este sentido, creemos que el concurso de acreedores de aquellas entidades que, individualmente o en su conjunto, no provoquen un riesgo sistemico habria sido una solucion economicamente mas deseable que el rescate, teniendo en cuenta que esta solucion no habria supuesto ningun coste para los contribuyentes ni para las entidades solventes. En segundo lugar, esta solucion tampoco habria generado riesgo moral o incluso distorsion de la libre competencia entre entidades bancarias. En tercer lugar, el rescate de la banca espanola se ha realizado sin analizar debidamente si una determinada entidad deberia ser rescatada o, en su caso, liquidada, atendiendo a su viabilidad economica y al posible efecto contagio sobre el conjunto del sistema financiero. En cuarto lugar, la decision del rescate bancario no deberia haberse realizado por voluntad politica, como consecuencia del conflicto de intereses existente entre nuestros representantes democraticos y algunas de las entidades rescatadas (principalmente, cajas de ahorros), no solo por su participacion directa o indirecta en sus organos de gobierno, sino tambien por las ventajas financieras recibidas – y sin la debida transparencia – de algunas entidades rescatadas. En cualquier caso, creemos que, con independencia de que la decision del rescate se encuentre soportada por argumentos economicos como el mantenimiento de la confianza en el sistema financiero, el posible efecto sistemico generado por la caida de un banco, o la dificultad de identificar –y rescatar exclusivamente– a las entidades demasiado grandes para caer, todas las entidades rescatadas deberian haber quedado sometidas a un regimen de represion de la insolvencia similar o incluso mas riguroso que el previsto en la Ley Concursal, habida cuenta, ademas, de los superiores costes (o externalidades) generados al sistema por la insolvencia de una entidad financiera.English Abstract: The Spanish banking system has recently been subject to a deep restructuring process in order to clean up the balance-sheet of many financial institutions and thus to restore the stability of the financial system. Among other measures, this process has implied the bailout of many financial institutions. We analyse the costs and benefits of the Spanish bank bailout in relation to a hypothetical insolvency proceeding of, at least, some rescued banks. In this sense, we argue that the bankruptcy would have been a more efficient solution than the bailout for those entities that, individually or as a whole, do not generate systemic risk, since the bankruptcy neither implies any cost to taxpayers nor to solvent Banks. Second, this latter solution would not create either moral hazard or a distorsion of competion among financial institutions. Third, it seems that public authorities have bailed out many financial institutions without analysing whether a particular bank was or not unsound. In this sense, we propose that all financial institutions in economic distress should have been liquidated, unless (i) they were subject to a hard restructuring plan to restore their economic viability, or (ii) the failure of those financial institutions had done more harm than good because of the contagion effect in the financial system. Four, we also argue that the decision about the bailout should not have been undertaken by politicians, since they incurred in a conflict of interest as a result of the particular corporate governance structure of most rescued banks – saving banks – strongly managed and influenced by politicians, as well as the financial advantages received by political parties from many rescued banks. We end up our analysis arguing that, regardless of existing economic reasons to support the bailout, the directors of all rescued banks should have been subject to mechanisms to punish wrongful behaviour similarly or actually harsher than what is provided by the Spanish Insolvency Act, taking into account the higher costs (or externalities) generated to the financial system by a bank failure.